[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-345914-105":59,"doc-detail-345914-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","latitude-longitude-and-time-chapter-3","Latitude, Longitude and Time - Chapter 3","","Chapter 3 explains the Earth’s shape and why a geographical grid is needed to locate surface features. It describes parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude as coordinate lines used for determining location, distance, and direction. The text defines how latitude and longitude are measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds, discusses equator and prime meridian references, and provides step-by-step drawing methods for parallels and meridians.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/latitude-longitude-and-time-chapter-3/345914/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/latitude-longitude-and-time-chapter-3/345914.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Felix 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distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, which is defined as the meridian passing through the Greenwich observatory and is given a value of 0°.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},345914,1790400472,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},549768064778,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Chapter 3  \n11096CHO3  \n# Latitude,Longitude andTime\n\nTHE EARTH is nearly a sphere.It is because of the fact that theequatorial radius and the polar radius of the earth is not the same.The rotation of the earth over its axis produces bulging at the equator.Hence,the actual shape resembles that of an oblate spheroid.Theshape of the earth presents some difficulties in positioning its surfacefeatures,as there is no point of reference from which to measure therelative positions of other points.Hence,a network of imaginary linesis drawn on a globe or a map to locate various places.Let us find outwhat are these lines and how are they drawn.  \nThe spinning of the earth on its axis from west to east providestwo natural points of reference,i.e.North and South Poles.They formthe basis for the geographical grid.A network of intersecting lines isdrawn for the purpose of fixing the locations of different features.The grid consists of two sets of horizontal and vertical lines,whichare called parallels oflatitudes and the meridians of longitudes.  \nHorizontal lines are drawn parallel to each other in east-westdirection.The line drawn midway between the North Pole and theSouth Pole is called the equator.It is the largest circle and dividesthe globe into two equal halves.It is also called a great circle.All theother parallels get smaller in size,in proportion to their distancefrom the equator towards the poles and divide the earth into twounequal halves,also referred to as the small circles.These imaginarylines running east-west are commonly known as the parallels oflatitude.  \nThe vertical lines running north-south,join the two poles.Theyare called the meridians of longitude.They are spaced farthest apartat the equator and converge at a point at each pole.  \n2026-27  \nThe latitudes and longitudes are commonly referred to as geographicalcoordinates as they provide systematic network of lines upon which theposition of various surface features of the earth,can be represented.Withthe help of these coordinates,location,distance and direction of variouspoints can be easily determined.  \nAlthough an infinite number of parallels and meridians may be drawnon a globe,only a selected number of them are usually drawn on a map.Latitudes and longitudes are measured in degrees(°)because theyrepresent angular distances.Each degree is further divided into 60minutes(')and each minute into 60 seconds(“).  \nGlossary  \nParallels of Latitude:The parallels of latitude refer to the angulardistance,in degrees,minutes and seconds of a point north or southof the Equator.Lines of latitude are often referred to as parallels.  \nMeridians of Longitude :The meridians of longitude refer to theangular distance,in degrees,minutes,and seconds,of a point eastor west of the Prime(Greenwich)Meridian.Lines of longitude areoften referred to as meridians.  \n## PARALLELS OF LATITUDES\n\nThe latitude of a place on the earth’s surface is its distance north orsouth of the equator,measured along the meridian of that place as anangle from the centre of the earth.Lines joining places with the samelatitudes are called parallels.The value of equator is O°and the latitudeof the poles are 90°N and 90S(Fig.3.1 on the next page).If parallels oflatitude are drawn at an interval of one degree,there will be 89 parallelsin the northern and the southern hemispheres each.The total numberof parallels thus drawn,including the equator,will be 179.Dependingupon the location of a feature or a place north or south of the equator,the letter N orS is written along with the value of the latitude.  \nIf the earth were a perfect sphere,the length of 1⁰of latitude (a onedegree arc of a meridian)would be a constant value,i.e.111 kmeverywhere on the earth.This length is almost the same as that of a  \nFigure 3.1 Parallels of Latitudes  \nN.P.  \n0°  \nS.P.  \nFigure 3.2 Drawing of Parallels ofLatitudes  \ndegree of longitude at the equator.But to be precise,a degree of latitude changes slightly in length fromthe equator to t","cbCaismuKIvqEXoe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaismuKIvqEXoe","pdf",1014383,"English","# Latitude, Longitude and Time\n## Parallels of Latitudes\n## Drawing the Parallels of Latitudes\n## Meridians of Longitude\n## Drawing the Meridians of Longitude","[{\"question\":\"Why are parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude needed?\",\"answer\":\"Because the Earth’s surface has no single fixed reference point, an imaginary network of lines is used to determine the relative positions of different places.\"},{\"question\":\"What are parallels of latitude?\",\"answer\":\"Parallels of latitude are lines that join points having the same latitude, measured as angular distance north or south of the equator.\"},{\"question\":\"How is longitude defined and referenced?\",\"answer\":\"Longitude is the angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, which is defined as the meridian passing through the Greenwich observatory and is given a value of 0°.\"}]","Latitude, Longitude and Time - Chapter 3 | PDF",1790059389,14]