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The text provides guidance and cautions against assuming that knowing definitions is enough to use Latin terms correctly in one’s own writing. It then catalogs common prepositions with English glosses and explains several philosophical expressions through grammatical breakdown, literal meanings, and illustrative examples, including arguments and epistemic distinctions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/latin-and-greek-for-philosophers/418533/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/latin-and-greek-for-philosophers/418533.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Pentious","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main caution given before using the Latin definitions?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The text warns it would be a mistake to think that mastering these definitions provides sufficient grounding in Latin for using the terms successfully in one’s own work, urging readers to understand rather than casually “sprinkle” the phrases into writing and conversation.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the document introduce Latin prepositions?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It lists common prepositions used in the subsequent definitions, giving English meanings such as a or ab = “from,” ex = “from” or “out of,” sub = “under,” and others like ad, per, post, de, in, and pro.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does a detailed entry like “a fortiori” include?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Each entry combines grammatical structure (e.g., preposition plus the ablative neuter singular of a comparative adjective), a literal translation, and an example sentence showing how the expression functions in reasoning.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},418533,1790928085,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1374404730887,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Latin and Greek for Philosophers*  \nJames Lesher  \nThe following definitions have been prepared to help you understand the meaning of the Latin words and phrases you will encounter in your study of philosophy. But first a word of caution: it would be a mistake to suppose that in mastering these definitions you will have acquired a sufficient grounding in the Latin language to employ these terms successfully in your own work. Here H. W. Fowler offers some good advice: ‘Those who use words or phrases belonging to languages with which they have little or no acquaintance do so at their peril. Even in e.g., i.e., and et cetera, there lurk unsuspected possibilities of exhibiting ignorance’ (Modern English Usage, p. 207) . Use these definitions as an aid to understanding the Latin terms and phrases you encounter, but resist the temptation to begin sprinkling them about in your own writings and conversations.  \nLatin prepositions used in the following definitions:  \na or ab: ‘from’  \nex: ‘from’ or ‘out of’  \nsub: ‘under’  \npropter: ‘because of’  \nad: ‘to’ or ‘toward’  \nper: ‘through’ or ‘by’  \npost: ‘after’  \nde: ‘from’ or ‘concerning’  \nin: ‘in’ or ‘on’  \npro: ‘for’ or ‘in exchange for’  \nA fortiori: preposition + the ablative neuter singular of the comparative adjective fortior/fortius (literally: ‘from the stronger thing’): arguing to a conclusion from an already established stronger statement (e.g.‘All animals are mortal, a fortiori all human beings are mortal’) .  \nA posteriori: preposition + the ablative neuter singular of the comparative adjective posterior/posteriorus (literally: ‘from the later thing’): things known a posteriori are known on the basis of experience (e.g.‘We can know only a posteriori that all swans are white’) .  \nApriori: preposition + the ablative neuter singular of the comparative adjective prior/prius (literally: ‘from the earlier thing’): what is known to be true apriori can be known independently of (or prior to) empirical investigation or confirmation (e.g.‘Kant held that we can know a priori that a straight line is the shortest distance between two points.’)  \nAd hoc: preposition + the accusative neuter singular of the pronoun hic/haec/hoc (literally: ‘to this thing’): a proposed solution lacking in independent justification (e.g. ‘Aristotle’s view that nous is the kind of knowledge we have of the first principles seems entirely ad hoc.’)  \nAmicus Plato sed magis amica veritas: ‘Plato is a friend but truth is a greater friend’, based loosely on Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1096a.  \nArgumentum ad hominem: the nominative neuter noun argumentum/argumenti + plus preposition + the accusative masculine singular of the noun homo/hominis (literally: ‘argument toward the man’): an argument attacking the person rather than addressing the question.  \n* Copyright © 2010 by J.H. Lesher  \nBarbara: A name employed as part ofa mnemonic system devised by medieval students to remember the valid forms of the syllogism (‘Barbara’,‘Celarent’,‘Darii’, etc.) . Since one of these syllogism consisted of three universal-affirmative (or ‘a’) propositions it was associated with a woman’s name containing three a’s) . Aristotle held that Barbara was the most appropriate argument form for presenting a scientific explanation.  \nCausa sine qua non: the nominative feminine singular of causa/causae + preposition + the ablative feminine singular of the pronoun qui/quae/quod + adverb (literally: ‘a cause without which not’): an indispensable cause.  \nCausa sui: the nominative feminine singular of causa/causae + the genitive singular of the pronoun sui, sibi, se, se: ‘self caused’ or ‘cause of itself’. Associated with the view proposed by Spinoza and others that the reason for God’s existence lies in its essence (thus sometimes associated with the Ontological Argument) .  \nCeteris paribus: the ablative neuter plural of the adjective ceter-a-um + plus the ablative neuter plural of the adjective par-paris, an ablative absolute (literally: ","cbCaitpfdW3PQpzW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitpfdW3PQpzW","pdf",415538,16,"English","# Latin and Greek for Philosophers\n## Study guidance and caution\n## Latin prepositions and their meanings\n## Key philosophical expressions (with grammatical breakdown)","[{\"question\":\"What is the main caution given before using the Latin definitions?\",\"answer\":\"The text warns it would be a mistake to think that mastering these definitions provides sufficient grounding in Latin for using the terms successfully in one’s own work, urging readers to understand rather than casually “sprinkle” the phrases into writing and conversation.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the document introduce Latin prepositions?\",\"answer\":\"It lists common prepositions used in the subsequent definitions, giving English meanings such as a or ab = “from,” ex = “from” or “out of,” sub = “under,” and others like ad, per, post, de, in, and pro.\"},{\"question\":\"What does a detailed entry like “a fortiori” include?\",\"answer\":\"Each entry combines grammatical structure (e.g., preposition plus the ablative neuter singular of a comparative adjective), a literal translation, and an example sentence showing how the expression functions in reasoning.\"}]","Latin and Greek for Philosophers | PDF",1790613521,25]