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It explains that puberty-driven changes in circadian timing make earlier schedules conflict with adolescents’ sleep needs, contributing to insufficient sleep. Evidence from decades of research links later start times with improved sleep duration, fewer absences and tardiness, better performance, reduced mental health symptoms and risky behavior, and enhanced public safety. The report also highlights sleep health disparities, noting larger gains for students facing poverty and housing instability, and offers opportunities and recommendations for prioritizing healthier start times.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/later-school-start-times-for-adolescents-in-baltimore-city-public-schools/581811/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/later-school-start-times-for-adolescents-in-baltimore-city-public-schools/581811.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aurelia","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the report argue for later school start times for adolescents?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It ties earlier start times to biological changes during adolescence that shift sleep timing later, leading to insufficient sleep. Later start times help adolescents get more and better-timed sleep, which supports improved school outcomes and well-being.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What outcomes does the report link to delaying school start times?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The report connects later start times with improved sleep, better school engagement and performance, fewer absences and tardiness, fewer discipline challenges, improved mental health outcomes, reduced substance misuse, and improved safety outcomes such as fewer automobile crashes.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the report address sleep health disparities in Baltimore?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It argues that students in urban communities who experience poverty and housing instability benefit even more from later start times. The report frames school start time as a social determinant of health and reviews how disparities in sleep health appear during adolescence.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},581811,1792383038,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1099514068365,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/10000253d8d9f28188e?_k=1776742907772140068","Jessica Gallagher, The Baltimore Banner  \nSEPTE MBER 2024  \nAuthors: Darlynn M. Rojo-Wissar, PhD, MPH, Dylan B. Jackson, PhD,Chandra L. Jackson, PhD, MS, Terra Ziporyn, PhD,  \nStephanie Flores-Koulish, PhD, Amy R. Wolfson, PhD  \n# Later School Start\n\nTimes for Adolescentsin Baltimore CityPublic Schools:  \n# Opportunities and Recommendations\n\n# Acknowledgements\n\nWe thank our Loyola University Marylandundergraduate student contributors to thisreport, Bendu Kaba (alumna of Baltimore CityCollege High School), Victoria Louis, ChloeConner, SaraJaffie, Madelyn Beckett, andEmma O’Hare. We thank our editors for this  \nreport, Stephanie J. Crowley, PhD, and LauraM Sterni, MD, as well as the Baltimore CitySchools Department of Transportation andthe Office of Achievement and Accountabilityfor taking the time to meet with us to discussthe report as it was being drafted.  \nThe Abell Foundation  \nSuite 2300  \n111 S. Calvert StreetBaltimore, MD 21202-6174  \nTable ofContents  \n   \nExecutive Summary  4  \nAdolescent Sleep Needs and Circadian Timing  6  \nSchool Start Times and Adolescent Sleep, School Engagement,Health, Risky Behavior, and Safety  9  \nSchool Engagement and Performance  10  \nMental Health  10  \nPhysical Health  11  \nRisky Behavior and Public Safety  11  \nEffects of Delaying School Start Times  16  \nSchool Start Times and Adolescent Sleep Health Disparities  18  \nDefining Disparities and the Baltimore Context  18  \nSleep Health Disparities in Adolescence  18  \nSchool Start Times as a Social Determinant of Health   20  \nBaltimore City Public School System and School Start Times:The Story   22  \nOverview and Background   22  \nSchool Start, Dismissal, and Travel Times in City Schools   26  \nBaltimore’s School Start Times: Considerations, Opportunities,and Recommendations   33  \nAbout the Contributors:   48  \n4  \n# Executive Summary\n\nPrimarily in response to the national schoolbus driver shortage and other student trans -portation challenges, Baltimore City PublicSchool System (City Schools) pushed starttimes for many schools earlier for the 2022-2023 school year, affecting most adolescentsin the district. As a result, in the 2023-24school year, 81% of high schools startedbefore 8:30 a. m., with many starting as earlyas 7:30 a. m. While this decision was madeafter discussions with stakeholders on thebenefits and challenges of both earlier andlater school start times, it is counter to policystatements from major health, medical, and  \neducation organizations recommending thatsecondary schools start classes no earlierthan 8:30 a. m.  \nThese recommendations are based on nearlythree decades of research on adolescentsleep, circadian rhythms, and health. Wellestablished research shows that because ofchanges to sleep regulatory systems duringadolescence, secondary students with laterschool start times not only get better sleep butalso have improved school performance and  \nfewer absences, tardies, discipline challenges,symptoms of depression and anxiety, sub -stance misuse, and even automobile crashes.Importantly, too, students living in urban com -munities like Baltimore, who disproportionatelyexperience poverty, housing instability, andother challenging life circumstances, showgreater improvements from later school starttimes than their peers.  \nThe strong evidence base supporting laterstart times suggests that delaying, instead ofadvancing, City Schools’ school start times willsignificantly help improve the school perfor -mance, safety, and lives of Baltimore’s youth.Prior to this shift to earlier start times, therewere already many adolescent-serving schoolsthat started before 8:30 a.m., with the mostrecent available data on Baltimore City showingthat 62% of middle school students (2021-22)and 81% of high school students (2018-19)were obtaining fewer than 8 hours of sleep onaverage on school nights. Due to biologicalchanges to sleep and circadian rhythms thatoccur in adolescence, this shift to even earlierstart times compounds these high ","cbCaikL8A7QhpZux","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikL8A7QhpZux","pdf",2953750,52,"English","# Executive Summary\n## Adolescent Sleep Needs and Circadian Timing\n## School Start Times and Adolescent Sleep, School Engagement, Health, Risky Behavior, and Safety\n## Effects of Delaying School Start Times\n## School Start Times and Adolescent Sleep Health Disparities\n## Baltimore City Public School System and School Start Times: The Story\n## About the Contributors","[{\"question\":\"Why does the report argue for later school start times for adolescents?\",\"answer\":\"It ties earlier start times to biological changes during adolescence that shift sleep timing later, leading to insufficient sleep. Later start times help adolescents get more and better-timed sleep, which supports improved school outcomes and well-being.\"},{\"question\":\"What outcomes does the report link to delaying school start times?\",\"answer\":\"The report connects later start times with improved sleep, better school engagement and performance, fewer absences and tardiness, fewer discipline challenges, improved mental health outcomes, reduced substance misuse, and improved safety outcomes such as fewer automobile crashes.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report address sleep health disparities in Baltimore?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that students in urban communities who experience poverty and housing instability benefit even more from later start times. The report frames school start time as a social determinant of health and reviews how disparities in sleep health appear during adolescence.\"}]","Later School Start Times for Adolescents in Baltimore City Public Schools | PDF",1792041770,131]