[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-136565-105":59,"doc-detail-136565-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","laser-radiation-hazards-control","Laser Radiation Hazards & Control","","Laser Radiation Hazards & Control explains the differences between ionising and non-ionising radiation, including how wavelength and photon energy relate to electromagnetic emission and biological effects. It introduces laser physical characteristics, typical power and pulse operation, and the main laser source systems. The document outlines key laser radiation hazards to eyes and skin, establishes exposure limits, and summarizes safety guidance, followed by relevant legal/regulatory frameworks for radiation protection.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/laser-radiation-hazards-control/136565/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/laser-radiation-hazards-control/136565.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jordan Avery","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/octet-stream","2026-09-22","2026-08-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Ionising radiation与Non-ionising radiation有什么区别？","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Ionising radiation的能量足以使原子分裂成正负离子，包含α、β、γ射线与X射线；Non-ionising radiation能量不足以电离，但可能造成其他组织损伤，包含微波、紫外、可见、红外、激光与超声等。","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"激光（LASER）在物理特性上与普通光有什么不同？",{"text":117,"@type":113},"LASER是“受激辐射光放大”的缩写，激光光束沿直线单向传播且具有特定波长；普通光源会向各方向、多个波长辐射，激光因此形成更窄的高定向光束。",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"激光辐射的主要危害是什么？",{"text":121,"@type":113},"文档强调激光辐射对眼睛和皮肤的暴露风险，说明过度暴露可能导致眼部伤害与皮肤灼伤，并在后续章节给出暴露限值与安全指引。","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},136565,1787389013,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},1099523882367,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","National Environment Agency\u0013PRIVATE \u0015\nRadiation Protection & Nuclear Science Department\nLaser Radiation\nHazards & Control\n2007\nby\nDr Phua Tan Tee\nLaser Radiation Hazards & Control\nContents\n1\tIonising radiation and Non-Ionising radiation\n2\tLaser Radiation\na\tPhysical Characteristics\nb\tLaser Sources\nc\tClassification of Laser\nd\tLaser Applications\ni\tIndustrial\nii\tMedical\niii\tResearch\ne\tLaser Radiation Hazards and its Exposure Limits\nOcular exposure to Laser Radiation\nSkin Exposure to Laser Radiation\nExposure Limits\nf\tSafety guides against laser Radiation\n3\tThe Radiation Protection Act 2007\n4\tRadiation Protection (Non-Ionising Radiation) Regulations 1991\na\tUltraviolet sunlamps\nb\tMicrowave ovens\nc\tMedical and Industrial Ultrasound Apparatus\nd\tMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) apparatus\ne\tEntertainment Lasers\nf\tHigh Power Lasers\ng\tVarious Types of NIR Licences Issued by RPNSD\n\u000f1\tIonising Radiation and Non-Ionising Radiation\nIonisation is an electrical process in which an electron is knocked out of its orbit. Ionising radiation is radiation that is energetic and capable of causing atoms and molecules in its path to split into positive and negative ions. Ionising radiation include alpha, beta and gamma rays that are arisen by the decay of radioactive substances and X-ray that is produced electronically by X-ray machines. Alpha and beta are particulate radiation while gamma and X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths from 100 nm to 10  - 5 nm.\nAlpha, beta & gamma rays are resulted from spontaneous re-\u001farrangements within unstable nuclei but X-rays are produced by electrons jumping between orbits close to the nucleus or by electrons losing energy when passing through the strong electric field close to the nucleus. Unlike the radiation from radioactive sources, the X-rays can at anytime be \"turned off\" by merely disconnecting the high voltage.\nAlpha and beta are sub-atomic particles while gamma and X-rays are electromagnetic rays similar to light. These radiation differ in their penetration abilities as follows:-\n*\tAlpha radiation can be completely absorbed by a sheet of paper or a few centimetres of air,\n*\tBeta radiation can be completely absorbed by a few cms of wood, glass, water or several meters of air,\n*\tGamma & X-ray radiation are difficult to be absorbed completely, but the intensity can be reduced significantly by a few mms of lead, or a few cms of concrete or brick, for low energy radiation and by 10 or more cms of lead or a meter or so of concrete or brick for high energy radiation.\nNon-ionising radiation refer to the radiation that the energy is not capable in causing ionisation but is capable in causing other injuries to the body. It includes the electromagnetic radiation and fields with wavelengths greater than 100 nm and acoustic radiation and fields with frequencies above 16 kHz. Examples are microwave, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, laser and ultrasound radiation.\nNon-ionising Radiation\tIonising Radiation\nwavelength m\n10 10\t10 7\t\t10 3\t\t0.75\t\t0.4\t0.04\t10 - 8\nRF\tmicrowave\tinfrared\tvisible\tultraviolet\tX & gamma\nElectromagnetic radiation is created by oscillating electric charges.  The frequency of oscillation determines the kind of radiation that is emitted. Electromagnetic radiation can be considered as a stream of particles called photons. Each photon has associated with it an amount of energy hv, where h is Planck's constant (6.626 x 10 - 34 Joule.sec or 4.1357 x 10 - 15 eV. sec). The frequency of the wave motion can be used to calculate the energy of the emitted photon; thus, radiation has a dual wave-particle character.\nThe biological effects due to the non-ionising electromagnetic Radiation is very different from the effects due to the X-rays and gamma radiation. The effect mainly is the thermal effect and it has no cumulative effect. However, with sufficient energy, the non-ionising radiation can cause injuries to the human body. For example, high power lasers can produce skin burn and eye injury, over exp","cbCailOzIifbDgDa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailOzIifbDgDa","doc",90112,17,"English","# Ionising radiation and Non-Ionising radiation\n## Laser Radiation\n## Radiation Protection Act 2007\n## Radiation Protection (Non-Ionising Radiation) Regulations 1991","[{\"question\":\"Ionising radiation与Non-ionising radiation有什么区别？\",\"answer\":\"Ionising radiation的能量足以使原子分裂成正负离子，包含α、β、γ射线与X射线；Non-ionising radiation能量不足以电离，但可能造成其他组织损伤，包含微波、紫外、可见、红外、激光与超声等。\"},{\"question\":\"激光（LASER）在物理特性上与普通光有什么不同？\",\"answer\":\"LASER是“受激辐射光放大”的缩写，激光光束沿直线单向传播且具有特定波长；普通光源会向各方向、多个波长辐射，激光因此形成更窄的高定向光束。\"},{\"question\":\"激光辐射的主要危害是什么？\",\"answer\":\"文档强调激光辐射对眼睛和皮肤的暴露风险，说明过度暴露可能导致眼部伤害与皮肤灼伤，并在后续章节给出暴露限值与安全指引。\"}]","Laser Radiation Hazards & Control | DOC",43]