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Using laser-based testing and a digital inclinometer on two days with two evaluators, analyses quantify validity correlations and inter- and intra-rater reliability across 15° CKC and 50° OKC assessments.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/laser-pointer-device-assess-knee-proprioception-validity-and-reliability/203827/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/laser-pointer-device-assess-knee-proprioception-validity-and-reliability/203827.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"WPS_1786070896","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-11","2026-09-04",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",7,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is the study’s main objective?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"To estimate the validity and reliability of a laser pointer device for assessing knee proprioception in healthy and active individuals.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How was knee proprioception measured in this study?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Through joint position reproduction (JPR) using a laser device, with results validated against a digital inclinometer during 15° (CKC) and 50° (OKC) knee flexion tests.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What did the validity and reliability results show?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Validity showed moderate to strong correlations between the laser device and the digital inclinometer. Reliability varied by test angle and kinetic chain, with some conditions showing moderate or strong inter- and intra-rater reliability while others showed low reliability.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},203827,1790098774,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":55,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":55,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},549768072016,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Physiotherapy Research International  \nValidity and Reliability of a Laser Pointer Device to Assess Knee Proprioception in Healthy and Active Individuals  \nHéctor González‐Pons  | Elena Muñoz‐Gómez  | Sara Mollà‐Casanova | Noemí Moreno‐Segura | Pilar Serra‐Añó  | Marta Inglés  \nUBIC Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Universitat de València, València, Spain Correspondence: Pilar Serra‐Añó ([pilar.serra@uv.es](pilar.serra@uv.es))  \nReceived: 19 November 2025 | Revised: 23 March 2026 | Accepted: 1 April 2026  \nKeywords: joint position reproduction | knee | laser | proprioception  \nABSTRACT  \nBackground and Purpose: Knee proprioception offers valuable information about the state of the knee joint. The most widely used protocol to estimate it is the joint position reproduction (JPR), although the validated instruments for its measurement are expensive and complex. The aim of this study was to estimate the validity and reliability of a laser pointer device to assess knee proprioception in healthy and active subjects.  \nMethods: A descriptive cross‐sectional study. The study was conducted at a Research Laboratory of the Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia (Spain) . Twenty‐five healthy and active individuals (mean (SD) age = 27.24 (3.93) years) were assessed. Proprioception measurements were evaluated with 15° and 50° knee flexion in closed kinetic chain (CKC) and open kinetic chain (OKC), respectively, using a laser device and also a digital inclinometer (to validate the first), on two days by two different evaluators.  \nResults: Validity analysis indicated a moderate to strong correlation between the laser pointer device and the digital inclinometer in all the tests (Pearson's correlation = 0.40–0.55 (CKC) and 0.54–0.82 (OCK)) . In the OKC 50° knee test, a moderate inter‐rater reliability (ICC = 0.54) and a strong intra‐rater reliability (ICC = 0.65) was shown, and in the CKC 15° test a strong inter‐rater reliability (ICC = 0.62) and moderate intra‐rater reliability (ICC = 0.58) was shown. The rest of the tests showed no intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability (ICC = 0.10–0.24) .  \nDiscussion: Though further research is needed, the results suggest that it could be considered as an affordable, simple and effective resource both in research and in clinical practice.  \n1 | Introduction  \nProprioception is defined as the ability to perceive movement, the position of a body segment, force, or tension (Busch et al. 2023) . It plays a relevant role in motor control, posture and gait (Goble 2010; Henry and Baudry 2019) . The knee joint is among the most extensively studied joints regarding proprioception (Hillier et al. 2015). It has been shown that knee proprioception is affected in athletes with injuries such as patellofemoral syndrome or anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears (Fleming et al. 2022;  \nH.‐J. Kim et al. 2017), even months after the injury (Lee et al. 2015), and after surgery (Busch et al. 2021; Fleming et al. 2022) . In ACL injuries, these alterations in knee proprioception are attributed to impaired muscle function and a decrease in physical activity level or balance capacity (Mehl et al. 2018) .  \nThe alteration of proprioception, represented as the impairment in the ability to reproduce specific joint position, assessed using joint proprioception reproduction (JPR) is related to the limits of stability variables and both are impaired in people with knee  \n\n| Héctor González‐Pons and Elena Muñoz‐Gómez contributed equally to this work. |\n| --- |\n| This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.\u003Cbr>© 2026 The Author(s) . Physiotherapy Research International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |\n\nPhysiotherapy Research International, 2026; 31:e70","cbCaihgvSg0tVxOB","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihgvSg0tVxOB","pdf",1048993,"English","# Abstract\n## Background and Purpose\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Discussion\n# Introduction\n## Knee proprioception and JPR\n## Measurement systems and need for simpler tools","[{\"question\":\"What is the study’s main objective?\",\"answer\":\"To estimate the validity and reliability of a laser pointer device for assessing knee proprioception in healthy and active individuals.\"},{\"question\":\"How was knee proprioception measured in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Through joint position reproduction (JPR) using a laser device, with results validated against a digital inclinometer during 15° (CKC) and 50° (OKC) knee flexion tests.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the validity and reliability results show?\",\"answer\":\"Validity showed moderate to strong correlations between the laser device and the digital inclinometer. Reliability varied by test angle and kinetic chain, with some conditions showing moderate or strong inter- and intra-rater reliability while others showed low reliability.\"}]","Laser Pointer Device Assess Knee Proprioception - Validity and Reliability | PDF",1788564177,18]