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Ten included studies suggest generally favourable outcomes such as improved mucosal healing, reduced pain, enhanced tissue repair, and occasional successful prosthetic rehabilitation, while also highlighting limitations including small cohorts, variable laser parameters, limited comparisons, inconsistent staging, and insufficient long-term follow-up.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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12/06/2025  \n© Copyright 2025  \nAlzahrani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CCBY 4.0. , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited.  \nDOI: 10.7759/cureus.98591  \nOpen Access Review Article  \nLaser-Based Interventions for Preventing and Managing Osteoradionecrosis of the Jaw After Head and Neck Radiotherapy: A Systematic Review  \nFaisal Alzahrani 1, 2, Salvatore Luca La Terra 3, 4, 5 , Khyrat Y. Alameer 1, Abdulrahman Alzahrani Ali Alqadi 1, Gianluigi Caccianiga 6, Francesco Buoncristiani 7, Mario Liccardi 8  \n1  \n,  \n1. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region, Khamis Mushait, SAU 2. Oral Surgery Department, College of Medicine and Dentistry, Ulster University, Birmingham, GBR 3. Natural Health Science, Selinus University, London, GBR 4. Periodontology, Private Practice, Rome, ITA 5. Periodontology Department, College of Medicine and Dentistry, Ulster University, Birmingham, GBR 6. Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, ITA 7. Oral Surgery, Laser Dentistry, Private Dental Clinic, San Vincenzo, ITA 8. Oral Surgery, Private Practice, Limena, ITA  \nCorresponding author: Faisal Alzahrani, [faisal.m.z.2011@gmail.com](faisal.m.z.2011@gmail.com)  \nAbstract  \nOsteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaws remains a severe and functionally debilitating late complication among patients treated with radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. This systematic review evaluates the current evidence on laser-based interventions, including photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), and surgical laser applications for the prevention and management of ORN. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, consisting of one randomised controlled trial, one retrospective cohort study, one case series, and seven case reports. Across the available evidence, laserbased therapies were generally associated with favourable outcomes, including improved mucosal healing, reduced pain, enhanced tissue repair, and, in some cases, successful prosthetic rehabilitation and reduced recurrence. Despite these promising findings, the current evidence remains early and uneven, constrained by small cohorts, wide variation in laser parameters, limited comparative data, inconsistent staging practices, and a lack of long-term follow-up to confirm the durability of response. Laser therapy represents a potentially transformative adjunct in ORN management, but robust, well-designed clinical trials are essential to establish its true therapeutic value, optimise treatment protocols, and guide future clinical practice.  \nCategories: Radiation Oncology, Oncology, Dentistry  \nKeywords: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (apdt), head and neck cancer, laser therapy, low-level laser therapy (lllt), oral surgery, osteoradionecrosis (orn), photo biomodulation (pbmt), quality of life, radiotherapy complications, wound healing  \nIntroduction And Background  \nOsteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaws is still considered one of the most fearful late consequences of radiation in patients undergoing treatment for head and neck cancers. The presence of exposed and necrotic bone in a previously irradiated area, lasting for more than three months without any signs of tumour recurrence, leads to the clinical scenario of ORN [1] . In line with the evidence, its reported incidence varies significantly, from 2% to 22%, influenced by radiation dosage, tumour site, concurrent therapies, and oral health condition before radiotherapy [2,3] . The quality of life for patients diagnosed with ORN is dramatically compromised due to chronic discomfort, trismus, dysphagia, oro-cutaneous fistulas, and aesthetic deformities, and the treatment remains very challenging [4] .  \nThe pathophysiology of ORN has b","cbCaicFREUffHDKI","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicFREUffHDKI","pdf",542023,18,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction And Background\n## Definition and incidence of ORN\n## Pathophysiology\n## Traditional and surgical treatments\n# How to cite this article","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the review address?\",\"answer\":\"The review addresses osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaws as a severe late complication after head and neck radiotherapy.\"},{\"question\":\"Which laser-based interventions are assessed?\",\"answer\":\"The review evaluates photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), and surgical laser applications for prevention and management of ORN.\"},{\"question\":\"What overall results and limitations are reported?\",\"answer\":\"Laser therapies are generally associated with favourable outcomes, but the evidence is limited by small study sizes, varied laser parameters, few comparisons, inconsistent staging, and lack of long-term follow-up.\"}]","Laser-Based Interventions for Preventing and Managing Osteoradionecrosis of the Jaw After Head and Neck Radiotherapy - A Systematic Review | PDF",1790685336,45]