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It details how the exosomal cargo depends on cellular origin and lung microenvironment, enabling immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory effects that can either promote or restrain tumor growth. The review discusses roles for exosomes in lung cancer immunotherapy, including cell-free vaccine concepts and drug delivery, and highlights exosomal proteins and RNAs as potential biomarkers for prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and disease monitoring.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/landscape-of-tumor-and-immune-system-cells-derived-exosomes-in-lung-cancer-mediators-of-antitumor-immunity-regulation/385278/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/landscape-of-tumor-and-immune-system-cells-derived-exosomes-in-lung-cancer-mediators-of-antitumor-immunity-regulation/385278.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"4398046744996","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What roles do tumor-derived and immune cell-derived exosomes play in lung cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They mediate cross-talk between tumor and immune cells, influencing initiation and progression of lung cancer and affecting immune responses in the tumor microenvironment.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why can exosomes have both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Because their molecular content varies with the cell of origin and the microenvironment, enabling either promotion or inhibition of tumor growth.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How are exosomes used in lung cancer immunotherapy and clinical applications?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review discusses their potential in immunotherapy, including cell-free vaccine approaches and drug delivery systems, and it identifies exosomal proteins and RNAs as biomarker candidates for prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},385278,1790308739,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":66,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},4398046744996,"TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 17 October 2023  \nDOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1279495  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY Jie Mei,  \nWuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, China  \nREVIEWED BY Diem Tran,  \nMedical Genetics Institute (Vietnam), Vietnam  \nHui Xiao,  \nShanghai First People’s Hospital, China  \n*CORRESPONDENCE Sonia Molina-Pinelo  \n [smolina-ibis@us.es](smolina-ibis@us.es)  \nRECEIVED 18 August 2023  \nACCEPTED 06 October 2023  \nPUBLISHED 17 October 2023  \nCITATION  \nCastillo-Peña A and Molina-Pinelo S (2023) Landscape of tumor and immune  \nsystem cells-derived exosomesin lung cancer: mediators of antitumor immunity regulation.  \nFront. Immunol. 14:1279495 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1279495  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2023 Castillo-Peña and Molina-Pinelo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nLandscape of tumor and immune system cells-derived exosomesin lung cancer: mediators of antitumor immunity regulation  \nAlejandro Castillo-Peña 1 and Sonia Molina-Pinelo 1,2*  \n1 Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), HUVR, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain, 2Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain  \nThe immune system plays a critical role in cancer, including lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade, has revolutionized the treatment of lung cancer, but a large subset of patients either do not respond or develop resistance. Exosomes, essential mediators of cell-to-cell communication, exert a profound influence on the tumor microenvironment and the interplay between cancer and the immune system. This review focuses on the role of tumorderived exosomes and immune cells-derived exosomes in the crosstalk between these cell types, influencing the initiation and progression of lung cancer. Depending on their cell of origin and microenvironment, exosomes can contain immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory molecules that can either promote or inhibit tumor growth, thus playing a dual role in the disease. Furthermore, the use of exosomes in lung cancer immunotherapy is discussed. Their potential applications as cell-free vaccines and drug delivery systems make them an attractive option for lung cancer treatment. Additionally, exosomal proteins and RNAs emerge as promising biomarkers that could be employed for the prediction, diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of the disease. In summary, this review assesses the relationship between exosomes, lung cancer, and the immune system, shedding light on their potential clinical applications and future perspectives.  \nKEYWORDS  \nexosome, lung cancer, immune cell, immunotherapy, tumor microenvironment  \nIntroduction  \nLung cancer has a significant impact worldwide: it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and the second most commonly diagnosed type of cancer (1) . Most lung cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which contributes to the poor survival rate of the disease. Environmental factors play an important role, as tobacco smoke is the leading cause of lung cancer, both through primary and second-hand exposure (2) . Lung cancer is classified into  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \ntwo main groups, based on morphology and immunohistochemistry, small-cell carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small-cell carcinoma (NSCLC) . SCLC has a worse prognosis, although NSCLC is the predominant type, representing 83% of diagnosed cases, and is subdivided into adenocarcinoma (ADC), squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) and other minority subgrou","cbCaiswoXQ1G3rBf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiswoXQ1G3rBf","pdf",1915721,14,"English","# Introduction\n## Exosomes and tumor–immune cell crosstalk\n## Exosomal roles in immunotherapy\n## Exosomes as biomarkers","[{\"question\":\"What roles do tumor-derived and immune cell-derived exosomes play in lung cancer?\",\"answer\":\"They mediate cross-talk between tumor and immune cells, influencing initiation and progression of lung cancer and affecting immune responses in the tumor microenvironment.\"},{\"question\":\"Why can exosomes have both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects?\",\"answer\":\"Because their molecular content varies with the cell of origin and the microenvironment, enabling either promotion or inhibition of tumor growth.\"},{\"question\":\"How are exosomes used in lung cancer immunotherapy and clinical applications?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses their potential in immunotherapy, including cell-free vaccine approaches and drug delivery systems, and it identifies exosomal proteins and RNAs as biomarker candidates for prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring.\"}]","Landscape of tumor and immune system cells-derived exosomes in lung cancer - mediators of antitumor immunity regulation | PDF",1790267728,35]