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Covers program translation into machine code, the evolution toward industry-standard IEC 1131-3 languages (LAD, IL, SFC, ST, FBD), and basic ladder/function block techniques for switching logic. Provides worked discussion leading into ladder diagrams, including how ladder diagrams represent power rails and rungs for control.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":30,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ladder-and-functional-block-programming-chapter-1/655296/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ladder-and-functional-block-programming-chapter-1/655296.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Melati","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-25",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is ladder programming in the context of PLCs?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Ladder programming is an approach for nonprogrammers to write programs that can be converted into machine code for a PLC microprocessor.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which IEC 1131-3 programming languages are mentioned?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The text lists ladder diagrams (LAD), instruction list (IL), sequential function charts (SFC), structured text (ST), and function block diagrams (FBD).",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the chapter use the ladder-diagram idea to represent an electrical circuit?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It redraws a simple wiring circuit using two vertical power rails and horizontal rungs, emphasizing control relationships rather than physical component placement.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},655296,1793030102,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":29,"category_name":30,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":41,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962085570644,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","CHAPTER 1 1  \nLadder and Functional Block Programming  \nW. Bolton  \nThis (and the following) chapter comes from the book Programmable Logic Controllers by W. Bolton, ISBN: 9780750681124 . The first edition of the book was published in 1996, which explains why the author commences the preface by saying: “Technological advances in recent years have resulted in the development of the programmable logic controller (PLC) and a consequential revolution of control engineering.”(Don’t worry;  \nthe chapter presented here is from the fourth edition in 2006.)  \nThe thing is that this is something of a timeless subject, so this book provides a very useful introduction to programmable logic controllers and aims to ease the tasks of practicing engineers coming first into contact with programmable logic controllers. It addresses the problem of different programmable control manufacturers using different nomenclature and program forms by describing the principles involved and illustrating them with examples from a range of manufacturers.  \nTo assist the reader to develop the skills necessary to write programs for programmable logic controllers, many worked examples, multi-choice questions and problems are included in the book with answers to all multi-choice questions and problems given at the end of the book.  \nNow, Programmable Logic Controllers is not related to FPGAs per se, so you may be wondering why this chapter is included here. The answer is simple—I personally have almost invariably found that anything I learned came in useful at some stage in my career. In order to facilitate PLCs being used by engineers without any great knowledge of conventional programming languages and techniques, an approach called “ladder programming” was developed. This is a means for nonprogrammers to create programs  \n[www. newnespress.com](www. newnespress.com)  \nthat can then be converted into machine code for use by the PLC microprocessor. This method of capturing programs has been adopted by most PLC manufacturers. I found this to be very interesting and I hope you will agree with me (see also the next chapter in which we see examples of this technique being used in real-world applications) .  \n—Clive “Max” Maxfield  \nPrograms for microprocessor-based systems have to be loaded into them in machine code, this being a sequence of binary code numbers to represent the program instructions. However, assembly language based on the use of mnemonics can be used; for example, LD is used to indicate the operation required to load the data that follows the LD, and a computer program called an assembler is used to translate the mnemonics into machine code. Programming can be made even easier by the use of the so-called high-level languages, such as C, BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN, COBOL. These use prepackaged functions, represented by simple words or symbols descriptive of the function concerned. For example, with C language the symbol & is used for the logic AND operation. However, the use of these methods to write programs requires some skill in programming and PLCs are intended to be used by engineers without any great knowledge of programming. As a consequence, ladder programming was developed. This is a means of writing programs which can then be converted into machine code by some software for use by the PLC microprocessor.  \nThis method of writing programs became adopted by most PLC manufacturers, however each tended to have developed their own versions and so an international standard has been adopted for ladder programming and indeed all the methods used for programming PLCs. The standard, published in 1993, is IEC 1131-3 (International Electrotechnical Commission) . The IEC 1131-3 programming languages are ladder diagrams (LAD), instruction list (IL), sequential function charts (SFC), structured text (ST), and function block diagrams (FBD) .  \nThis chapter is an introduction to the programming of a PLC using ladder  \ndiagrams and functional block diagrams, wit","cbCaiqh8TCUBoMxu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqh8TCUBoMxu","pdf",2221232,"English","# Ladder Diagrams\n## Ladder diagrams as control representation","[{\"question\":\"What is ladder programming in the context of PLCs?\",\"answer\":\"Ladder programming is an approach for nonprogrammers to write programs that can be converted into machine code for a PLC microprocessor.\"},{\"question\":\"Which IEC 1131-3 programming languages are mentioned?\",\"answer\":\"The text lists ladder diagrams (LAD), instruction list (IL), sequential function charts (SFC), structured text (ST), and function block diagrams (FBD).\"},{\"question\":\"How does the chapter use the ladder-diagram idea to represent an electrical circuit?\",\"answer\":\"It redraws a simple wiring circuit using two vertical power rails and horizontal rungs, emphasizing control relationships rather than physical component placement.\"}]","Ladder and Functional Block Programming - Chapter 1 | PDF",1792960668,76]