[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-324794-105":59,"doc-detail-324794-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","labor-productivity-growth-across-states-economic-commentary","Labor Productivity Growth across States - Economic Commentary","","Labor productivity growth is closely linked to wage and living standard improvements and serves as an indicator of a country’s competitive position over time. The commentary explains why state-level productivity data are difficult to obtain: state working hours are not reported and gross state product (GSP) is available only annually with a delay. It constructs a state labor productivity proxy using output per worker, compares this approach with output per hour, and estimates average annual labor productivity growth for 1977–2000 and 2000–2004.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/labor-productivity-growth-across-states-economic-commentary/324794/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/labor-productivity-growth-across-states-economic-commentary/324794.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sage","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is labor productivity growth important in the analysis?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It is tied to gains in wages and living standards and provides a direct measure of a country’s competitive position over time. The same logic is applied to states.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What challenges prevent using standard labor productivity data at the state level?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"State hours worked are not available—only the number of workers. Also, GSP data are provided only annually and with a lag of up to two years.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the commentary estimate state labor productivity when hours are missing?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It constructs a measure using output per worker instead of output per hour, then checks how this proxy behaves relative to the more familiar measure.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},324794,1790594984,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},687197207057,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","by Paul Bauer and Yoonsoo Lee  \nGroutinlaborpoducivit is ne fthe most keenly watched series at thenational level.Not only is labor produc-tivity growth closely tied to gains inwages and living standards,it also pro-vides a direct measure of the country'scompetitive position over time.More-over,trends in labor productivity growthfigure prominently in long-term eco-nomic forecasts.For example,problemssuch as the budget deficit and socialsecurity funding become much lessonerous with even a seemingly small  \n0.5 percentage point boost in annuallabor productivity growth.  \nSimilarly,labor productivity at the statelevel provides useful informationon thehealth of a state's economy.However,no official state labor productivityfigures are available.To obtain timelyestimates,two hurdles must be cleared.First,the national measure of labor pro-ductivity is defined as output per hour,but hours worked are not reported at thestate level—only the number of workers.Second,gross state product(GSP),thestate-level counterpart to gross domesticproduct(GDP),is available only annu-ally and with a lag of up to two years.  \nNeither problem is insurmountable.Wecan construct a measure of state laborproductivity by looking at output perworker rather than output per hour.Although this alternative behaves some-what differently in the long run and overthe business cycle than the more familiarmeasure,the two are broadly similar.Inaddition,although official estimates ofGSP are available only up to 2002,wecan obtain reasonable estimates of GSPfor 2003 and 2004using state personalincome data and U.S.GDP,two seriesthat are published quarterly by the  \n# Labor Productivity Growth across States\n\nBureauofEconomic Analysis with adelay ofonly a few weeks.!  \nIn this Economic Commentary,we firstcompare labor productivity estimatesbased on output per worker to the morefamiliar output per hour measure.Then,we estimate states'average annual laborproductivity growth fortwo periods:1977-2000 and 2000-04.Concentratingon the latter period,we look at how dif-ferences in output and employmentgrowth affect labor productivity growthacross states.Since the last businesscycle peak in 2000,states boosted theiraverage labor productivity growth to  \n2.3 percent—a gain of 1.2 percentagepoints over 1977-2000—but exhibited awide variation across states.The FourthDistrict states all raised their productiv-ity growth rates during this period.InOhio,the gain resulted from modestoutput growth accompanied by sharpemployment losses—a painful way togo,but one that may pave the way forfuture growth by making the remainingfirms and workers more competitive.  \n## ■ Constructing LaborProductivity\n\nLabor productivity is measured as outputper unit of labor.At the national level,the standard measure of labor productiv-ity growth is the output of private non-farm business per hour worked.Thenumerator—output of private nonfarmbusiness—omits govemment,a sectorwhose output can be hard to measure,and farms,where output can vary a greatdeal because of weather or crop prices.Hours worked is used in the denomina-tor rather than the number of employeesbecause it measures effort more accu-rately.For instance,the effort oftwohalf-time workers putting in 20 hours per  \nJune 2005  \nLabor productivity growth,a mea-sure of output per unit of work,isclosely tied to gains in wages andliving standards,and it providesa direct measure of a country'scompetitive position over time.Thesame holds true for states.Since thelast business eycle peak in 2000,states boosted their average laborproductivity growth to 2.3 percent.In Ohio,this growth came as a resultof modest output growth accompa-nied by sharp employment losses.Although this has been a painfultransition for the Fourth District,solid productivity gains have madethe remaining firms and workersmore competitive and may preparethe way for future growth.  \nweek is assumed to be equal to that ofone full-time worker who clocks 40hours per week.  \nAt the state level,the numbe","cbCaio0AEAD2p619","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaio0AEAD2p619","pdf",1109710,"English","# Labor Productivity Growth across States\n## ■ Constructing Labor Productivity\n## ■ Labor Productivity Estimates\n## FIGURE1 LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH,1977-2000\n## FIGURE 2 LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH,2000-04","[{\"question\":\"Why is labor productivity growth important in the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"It is tied to gains in wages and living standards and provides a direct measure of a country’s competitive position over time. The same logic is applied to states.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges prevent using standard labor productivity data at the state level?\",\"answer\":\"State hours worked are not available—only the number of workers. Also, GSP data are provided only annually and with a lag of up to two years.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the commentary estimate state labor productivity when hours are missing?\",\"answer\":\"It constructs a measure using output per worker instead of output per hour, then checks how this proxy behaves relative to the more familiar measure.\"}]","Labor Productivity Growth across States - Economic Commentary | PDF",1789968884,13]