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Entries were mainly elicited and discussed in Urdu, the lingua franca of Pakistan, and include etymological notes while explicitly avoiding completeness by limiting coverage to personally encountered and recorded items. 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All rights reserved  \nA Khowar-English Lexicon – with cultural and etymological notes  \nElena Bashir  \nThe University of Chicago, USA  \n([ebashir@uchicago.edu](ebashir@uchicago.edu))  \nAcknowledgements  \nThis work is dedicated to the people of Chitral—to the many persons who have contributed their knowledge of the Khowar language and Chitrali culture and to the numerous people who have extended their friendship and hospitality to me during my stays and travels in Chitral. I am deeply grateful to all them. 1  \nThis lexicon is a compilation of words encountered or collected during my many years of linguistic fieldwork in Chitral. I have tried to create a snapshot of the Khowar lexicon at a particular period of time, the last fifteen years of the twentieth century, and to collect words from as many places as I could, with the aim of recording and representing variations in pronunciation or meanings among various individuals and regions. Almost all of the words in this vocabulary were collected in the course of my travels in Chitral during the period 1986–2000, and thus represent the pronunciations and meanings I found at that time. The discussion and elicitation of meanings took place in Urdu, the lingua franca of Pakistan. I call this work a lexicon because it attempts to capture the etymological diversity of the language, while making no claim to completeness since it includes only words that I have personally encountered and recorded during my work in Chitral. It has been prepared with several audiences in mind. First, I hope that the people of Chitral, especially the younger generations, will benefit from it and strengthen their interest in their culture and its historical development. Hopefully, people from other parts of Pakistan will also want to learn about one of the important languages of their country. And finally, linguists and anthropologists will find grist for their mills here.  \nThe main contributors to this work include some of the eminent literary personages of Chitral. I am especially grateful to Dr. Inayatullah Faizi, whom I met when I first started to work on Khowar in 1986, and who arranged for my initial introductions to many people. Sadly, many of the people with whom I have worked over the years are no longer with us. Taj Muhammad Figar, Maula Nigah Nigah, Gul Nawaz Khaki, Rahmat Akbar Khan Rahmat, Changez Khan Tareqi, Ibrahim Wali Kamil, Naji Khan Naji, and Gul Murad Khan Hasrat have all passed away and are sorely missed. Their absence leaves a huge gap in the fabric of Chitrali literary culture, and I am thankful to have been able to meet them and preserve some of their valuable linguistic and cultural knowledge. Many of the words which they have given me, and objects or concepts which they denote, are unfamiliar to younger speakers; it is thus my hope that this vocabulary may serve to refresh the cultural memory of younger generations. I have not attempted to include more recent developments; these can be the subject of future work, hopefully by young scholars.  \nThe words in this work were collected entirely during my stays and travels in Chitral. In an effort to present fresh and individual points of view, I have not taken words from previously published dictionaries or word lists, for example O’Brien (1895), Faizi (1982/2021), Naji (1988), Sloan (2006), or Chitrali (2020). A few of the words in this lexicon, but not all, are also found in Bashir, Nigah & Baig (2005, 2022), which should be checked as a further source, and for pronunciation.  \n1 The pre-publication draft of this work has benefited greatly from the suggestions of two anonymous reviewers, and from specific comments by Robert Tegethoff and Claus Peter Zoller. I am grateful to all of them, and hasten to add that any remainin","cbCaispRWdjKEgeJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaispRWdjKEgeJ","pdf",3391675,172,"English","# Acknowledgements\n## Lexicon scope and methodology\n## Contributors and sources","[{\"question\":\"What time period does the lexicon aim to represent?\",\"answer\":\"It targets a snapshot of the Khowar lexicon from the last fifteen years of the twentieth century.\"},{\"question\":\"How were word meanings and pronunciations elicited?\",\"answer\":\"Meaning discussion and elicitation were conducted in Urdu, described as the lingua franca of Pakistan.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the lexicon avoid claiming completeness?\",\"answer\":\"It includes only words the author personally encountered and recorded in Chitral, so it does not attempt to cover all vocabulary.\"}]","Khowar-English Lexicon - with Cultural and Etymological Notes | PDF",1790852903,265]