[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-39502-en":3,"doc-seo-39502-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":93},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},39502,549758146520,"Patrick","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80002397d8c0411e94?_k=1775819394049821470",8,"Research & Report","Kartini’s Views on Opium Problems in Java at the End of the 19th Century","The article analyzes Raden Ajeng Kartini’s views on the opium problem in Java during the late 19th century and situates them within the surrounding historical context. In the 1890s, anti-opium discourse among Native people shifted into an apolitical movement that pressed the Dutch colonial government to reform opium policy. Kartini, an intellectually developing noblewoman from Jepara, expressed critical ideas in letters related to disadvantaged Javanese women and opium concerns addressed to Stella Zeehandelaar and Mrs. Abendanon-Madri.","HUMANIORA  \n[https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jurnal-humaniora](https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jurnal-humaniora)  \nVol. 33, No. 2 (June 2021) page 113—125  \n[https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.66466](https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.66466)  \nKartini’s Views on Opium Problems in Java at the End of the 19th Century  \nAbdul Wahid  \nDepartment of History, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia [Email: kang_ahid@ugm.ac.id](Email: kang_ahid@ugm.ac.id)  \nABSTRACT  \nIn the 1890s, the discourse on the negative effects of opium consumption among Native people turned into apolitical movement, which demanded that the Dutch colonial government reform its policies on opium. In the same period, Raden Ajeng Kartini, apriyayi (noble) woman from Jepara, developed her intellectual capabilities and thinking. Her letters, it was later discovered, contained critical ideas concerning the disadvantaged position of Javanese women. In addition to this, as an issue attracting greater public scrutiny, the opium problem also drew Kartini’s attention, as evinced in at least two letters to Stella Zeehandelaar and Mrs. Abendanon-Madri. Curiously, Kartini’s views on the opium problem have been given little scholarly attention in the rich literature on her life, with most scholarly work focusing on her “feminist” thoughts and ideas. For that reason, this article offers an analysis on this very specific aspect of Kartini’s thoughts, delving further into its historical context and what it means in terms of her existing historical persona.  \nKeywords: colonial policy; Jepara; Raden Ajeng Kartini; opium problem  \nINTRODUCTION  \nFor many Indonesians, Raden Adjeng Kartini is undoubtedly a unique and important historical figure and perhaps the most important and celebrated one in the country. In May 1964 the Indonesian government officially declared Kartini to be a national heroine; the first women to be given this honor. Her birthday, falling on 21 April, is commemorated as Indonesian Women’s Emancipation Day which recognizes Kartini’s contribution to the emancipation movement of Indonesian women. Up to the present day, Kartini has been projected as a symbol of Indonesian women’s struggle to gain an equal position and justice in society and eliminate its patriarchic structure and culture. As a national heroine, Kartini’s figure has been institutionalized through various kinds of memorialization, for example, through historical books, school textbooks, state ceremonies, socio-cultural festivities, arts and popular culture productions. Similarly, academic researchers have recently located Kartini as no  \nlonger just a national-level historical subject in Indonesia, but has become a “global icon” representing the voice of women from the colonized country, whose thoughts and ideas are remain relevant for today’s women across the globe. Kartini’s legacies are remembered and studied not only in Indonesia and the Netherlands, two countries that had a relationship of colonized and colonizer in colonial history, but also in other countries in the world.1  \nKartini’s thoughts continue to be a research subject for international researchers who use different approaches and analytical frameworks in their efforts to produce new perspectives on the importance of Kartini’s thoughts. So far, there has been an impressive number of books and articles discussing Kartini; this number is likely to increase along with the growth of gender studies, feminist, and postcolonial research on women’s history in the colonial world. For example, in the catalog of Leiden University Library, the list of books concerning Kartini  \nHumaniora, Vol. 33, No. 2 (June 2021)  \nin different world languages numbers about one hundred. This number increases if journal articles, book chapters, articles in popular media, popular books, fiction, and other literary works are included. This number shows the level of interest in Kartini’s thoughts and their relevance to the global community and the strong interest among international researchers ","cbCaiixMXxPsvwiZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiixMXxPsvwiZ","pdf",373910,10,1,13,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Kartini as a historical figure and national heroine\n## International research and literature on Kartini\n## Classification of Kartini-related literature and paper sources","[{\"question\":\"How did the opium discourse among Native people in the 1890s evolve politically?\",\"answer\":\"It transformed into an apolitical movement demanding reforms from the Dutch colonial government regarding opium policy.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the article focus on Kartini’s views on the opium problem?\",\"answer\":\"Kartini’s opium-related views have received limited scholarly attention, while most research has concentrated on her “feminist” thoughts.\"},{\"question\":\"Which letters are mentioned as evidence of Kartini’s attention to the opium issue?\",\"answer\":\"The article points to at least two letters addressed to Stella Zeehandelaar and Mrs. Abendanon-Madri.\"}]","Kartini’s Views on Opium Problems in Java at the End of the 19th Century | 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