[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-511736-105":59,"doc-detail-511736-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","just-and-unjust-wars-fourth-edition","Just and Unjust Wars - Fourth Edition","","Michael Walzer’s Just and Unjust Wars, Fourth Edition, develops a moral framework for judging the conduct of war and the responsibilities of political leaders and soldiers. The book challenges “realism,” analyzes aggression and intervention, and explains key distinctions in the laws and ethics of war, including proportionality, necessity, and noncombatant immunity. It examines how war ends, how wars should be fought, guerrilla resistance, reprisals, neutrality, supreme emergency, nuclear deterrence, and the justice of settlements, culminating in a discussion of war crimes and accountability.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/just-and-unjust-wars-fourth-edition/511736/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/just-and-unjust-wars-fourth-edition/511736.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Kyle","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-10-06",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the central focus of Just and Unjust Wars?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The book develops a moral argument for how wars should be judged and conducted, emphasizing ethical limits on aggression, fighting, and responsibility for wrongdoing.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the book treat the theory of aggression and intervention?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It analyzes rights of political communities, lawful order in international society, and the conditions under which anticipation, preventive action, and interventions may be justified.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What kinds of responsibility does the book address at the end?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It distinguishes responsibility for aggression and for war crimes, discussing political leadership, soldiers and officers, command responsibility, and landmark examples such as Nuremberg and My Lai.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},511736,1791367506,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985741905716,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","JUST AND UNJUST WARS  \nA MORAL ARGU'MENT WITH HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS  \nFOURTH EDITION  \nMichael Walzer  \nB  \nIlOOKS  \nA Member of the Perseus Books Group  \nNew York  \nCopyright © 1977 by Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group  \nPreface to the fourth edition copyright © 2006 by Basic Books  \nAll rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without  \nwritten permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Basic Books, 387 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016-8810.  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Walzer, Michael.  \nJust and unjust wars.  \nIncludes bibliographical references and index.  \n1. War. I. Title.  \nU21.2W345 355.02 77-75252  \nFourth Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-465-03707-0; ISBN-lO: 0-465-03707-0  \nDESIGNED BY VINCENT TORRE  \nEBC 06 07 08 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  \nAux martyrs de I'Holocauste Aux revolt6 des Ghettos Aux partisans de fon􀕛ts Aux insurges des camps Aux combattants de la resistance Aux soldats des forces alliees Aux sauveteurs de freres en peril  \nAux vaillants de l'immigration clandestine A I'eternite  \nInscription at Yad Va-shem Memorial, Jerusalem  \nCONTENTS  \nPreface to the Fourth Edition ix  \nPreface xix  \nAcknowledgments xxvii  \nPART ONE  \nTHE MORAL REALITY OF WAR  \n1 Against \"Realism\" 3  \nThe Realist Argument ..  \nThe Melian Dialogue  \nStrategy and Morality 13  \nHistorical Relativism 16  \nThree Accounts of Agincourt  \n2 The Crime of War 2.1  \nThe Logic of War 2.1  \nThe Argument of Karl yon Clausewit% The Limit of Consent 15  \nThe Tyranny of War 19  \nGeneral Sherman dnd the Burning of Atltmtd 3 The Rules of War 34  \nThe Moral Equality of Soldiers 34  \nThe CtJSe of Hitler's Generals Two Sorts of Rules .p  \nThe War Convention 44  \nThe EXdmple of Surrenchr  \nPART TWO  \nTHE THEORY OF AGGRESSION  \n.. Law and Order in International Society 51 Agression 51  \nThe Rights of Political Communities 53  \nThe CtJSe of AlSdce-Lorrdine  \nThe Legalist Paradigm 58  \nCoNTENTS  \nUnavoidable Categories 63  \nKml Marx and the Franco-Prussi4n War  \nThe Argument for Appeasement 67  \nCuchoBlovakia and the Munich Principle  \nFinland  \n5 Anticipations 74  \nPreventive War and the Balance of Power 76  \nThe War of the Spanish Succession  \nPre􀁹mptive Strikes 80  \nThe Six Day War  \n6 Interventions 86  \nSelf-Determination and Self-Help 87  \nThe Argument of John Stuart Mill  \nSecession 91  \nThe Hungarian Revolution  \nCivil War ¢  \nThe American Wadn Vietnam  \nHumanitarian Intervention 101  \nCuba, 18\u003C)8, and Bangladesh, 1971  \n7 War's Ends, and the Importance of Winning 109  \nUnconditional Surrender 111  \nAUied Policy in World War II  \nJustice in Settlements 117  \nThe Korean War  \nPART THREE  \nTHE WAR CONVENTION  \n8 War's Means, and. the Importance of Fighting Well 1'2.7  \nUtility and Proportionality 119  \nThe Argument of Henry Sidgwick  \nHuman Rights 133  \nThe Rape of tile Italian Women  \n9 Noncombatant Immunity and Military Necessity 138 The Status of Individuals 138  \nNaked Soldiers  \nThe Nature of Necessity (1) 144  \nSubmarine Warfare: Tile Laconia Affair  \nDouble Effect 151  \nBombardment in Korea  \nThe Bombing of Occupied France and the  \nVemork Raid  \nCONTENTS  \n10 War Against Civilians: Sieges and Blockades 160 Coercion and Responsibility 161  \nThe Siege of Jerusalem, 72 A.D.  \nThe Right to Leave 165  \nThe Siege of Leningrad  \nTaking Aim and the Doctrine of Double Effect 170 The British Blockade of Germany  \nII Guerrilla War 176  \nResistance to Military Occupation 176  \nA Partisan Attack  \nThe Rights of Guerrilla Fighters 179  \nThe Rights of Civilian Supporters 186  \nThe American \"Rules of Engagement\" in Vietn4m 12 Terrorism 197  \nThe Political Code 197  \nThe Russian Populists, the IRA, and the Stem Gang The Vietcong Assasnation Campaign  \nViolence and Liberation 204  \nJean-Paul Sartre and the Battle of Algiers  \n13 Reprisals 207  \nDeterrence Without Retri","cbCaifzmMfuldEPx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifzmMfuldEPx","pdf",7197572,390,"English","# Preface to the Fourth Edition\n# Part One: The Moral Reality of War\n## Against \"Realism\"\n## The Crime of War\n## The Rules of War\n# Part Two: The Theory of Aggression\n## Law and Order in International Society\n## Unavoidable Categories\n## Anticipations\n## Interventions\n## War's Ends, and the Importance of Winning\n# Part Three: The War Convention\n## War's Means, and the Importance of Fighting Well\n## Noncombatant Immunity and Military Necessity\n## War Against Civilians: Sieges and Blockades\n## Guerrilla War\n## Reprisals\n# Part Four: Dilemmas of War\n## Winning and Fighting Well\n## Aggression and Neutrality\n## Supreme Emergency\n# Part Five: The Question of Responsibility\n## The Crime of Aggression: Political Leaders and Citizens\n## War Crimes: Soldiers and Their Officers","[{\"question\":\"What is the central focus of Just and Unjust Wars?\",\"answer\":\"The book develops a moral argument for how wars should be judged and conducted, emphasizing ethical limits on aggression, fighting, and responsibility for wrongdoing.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book treat the theory of aggression and intervention?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes rights of political communities, lawful order in international society, and the conditions under which anticipation, preventive action, and interventions may be justified.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of responsibility does the book address at the end?\",\"answer\":\"It distinguishes responsibility for aggression and for war crimes, discussing political leadership, soldiers and officers, command responsibility, and landmark examples such as Nuremberg and My Lai.\"}]","Just and Unjust Wars - Fourth Edition | PDF",1791257260,601]