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Immunotherapy can provide durable remission for refractory malignancies. Genetically engineered T-lymphocytes, including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR T-cell therapy), have shown promise for solid tumours, haematological cancers, and relapsed/refractory B-lymphocyte malignancies. Using leukapheresis and CARs generated by genetic engineering, CAR receptors can lyse malignant cells through direct antigen interaction, independent of major histocompatibility complex pathways.",{"@graph":69,"@context":115},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/journey-of-car-t-cells-emphasising-the-concepts-and-advancements-in-breast-cancer-review/377343/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/journey-of-car-t-cells-emphasising-the-concepts-and-advancements-in-breast-cancer-review/377343.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jasmine","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What toxicities limit CAR T-cell therapy in breast cancer?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The document highlights unique toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicities, anaphylaxis, on/off-target recognition, antigen escape in breast cancer, and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment in solid tumours.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":117,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":119,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":121,"site_id":62},377343,1790269905,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":124},{"doc_id":121,"user_id":125,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":126,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":127,"file_id":128,"file_url":129,"file_type":130,"file_size":131,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":132,"language":133,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":134,"faqs":135,"seo_title":136,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":137,"read_time":36},2336478487870,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 63: 130, 2023  \nJourney of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review)  \nMOHD ADNAN KAUSAR 1,2 , SADAF ANWAR 1,2 , HEMAT EL‑SAYED EL‑HORANY 1‑3 , FARIDA HABIB KHAN2,4 , NEETU TYAGI5 , MOHAMMAD ZEESHAN NAJM6 , SADAF7 , ALAA ABDULAZIZ EISA8 , CHANDRAJEET DHARA6 and SAUMYATIKAGANTAYAT6  \n1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411; 2Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia; 3Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt; 4Department of Community and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia; 5Bone Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; 6School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Sohna, Gurugram 122003, Haryana; 7Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India; 8Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 30002, Saudi Arabia  \nReceived July 4, 2023; Accepted September 25, 2023  \nDOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5578  \nAbstract. Cancer is the primary and one of the most promi‑ nent causes of the rising global mortality rate, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths annually. Specific methods have been devised to cure cancerous tumours. Effective therapeutic approaches must be developed, both at the cellular and genetic level. Immunotherapy offers promising results by providing sustained remission to patients with refractory malignan‑ cies. Genetically modified T‑lymphocytic cells have emerged as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of solid tumours, haematological malignancies, and relapsed/refrac‑ tory B‑lymphocyte malignancies as a result of recent clinical trial findings; the treatment is referred to as chimeric antigen receptor T‑cell therapy (CAR T‑cell therapy) . Leukapheresis is used to remove T‑lymphocytes from the leukocytes, and CARs are created through genetic engineering. Without the aid of a major histocompatibility complex, these genetically modified receptors lyse malignant tissues by interacting directly with the carcinogen. Additionally, the outcomes of preclinical and clinical studies reveal that CAR T‑cell therapy has proven to be a potential therapeutic contender against metastatic  \nCorrespondence to: Dr Mohd Adnan Kausar, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Al Khitah Street, PO Box 2440, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia  \nE‑[mail: ma.kausar@uoh.edu.sa](mail: ma.kausar@uoh.edu.sa)  \nKey words: T‑cell receptors, chimeric antigen receptor t‑cell therapy, breast cancer, relapsed/refractory B‑cell malignancies, B‑lymphocyte non‑Hodgkin lymphoma, cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity, anaphylaxis, US Food and Drug Administration, clinical trial  \nbreast cancer (BCa), triple‑negative, and HER 2+ve BCa . Nevertheless, unique toxicities, including (cytokine release syndrome, on/off‑target tumour recognition, neurotoxicities, anaphylaxis, antigen escape in BCa, and the immunosuppres‑ sive tumour microenvironment in solid tumours, negatively impact the mechanism of action of these receptors. In this review, the potential of CAR T‑cell immunotherapy and its method of destroying tumour cells is explored using data from preclinical and clinical trials, as well as providing an update on the approaches used to reduce toxicities, which may improve or broaden the effectiveness of the therapies used in BCa.  \nContents  \n1. Introduction  \n2. Requirements for CAR T‑cell development  \n3. Characterisation of the CAR domains  \n4. Generations of CARs  \n5. Mechanism of lysing the tumour cells  \n6. Preclinical experiments on mouse models  \n7. Malignancy‑specific CAR T‑cell clinical trials and BC CAR T‑cell clinical studies  \n8. FDA‑approved therapies  \n9. Contemporary advances in breast carcinoma CAR ","cbCailGYXb14hYYN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailGYXb14hYYN","pdf",2053010,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Requirements for CAR T-cell development\n## Characterisation of the CAR domains\n## Generations of CARs\n## Mechanism of lysing the tumour cells\n## Preclinical experiments on mouse models\n## Malignancy-specific CAR T-cell clinical trials and BC CAR T-cell clinical studies\n## FDA-approved therapies\n## Contemporary advances in breast carcinoma CAR T cell therapy\n## Limitations\n## Conclusions and future perspectives","[{\"question\":\"What toxicities limit CAR T-cell therapy in breast cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The document highlights unique toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicities, anaphylaxis, on/off-target recognition, antigen escape in breast cancer, and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment in solid tumours.\"}]","Journey of CAR T-cells - Emphasising the Concepts and Advancements in Breast Cancer - Review | PDF",1790224418]