[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-153208-105":59,"doc-detail-153208-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","journal-of-human-kinetics-volume-6-the-optimization-of-training-loads-in-high-class-hurdlers","JOURNAL OF HUMAN KINETICS - VOLUME 6 - THE OPTIMIZATION OF TRAINING LOADS IN HIGH CLASS HURDLERS","","Mathematical optimization methods are used to improve how training processes are steered and controlled in high-level hurdling. The study applies an optimal control approach to estimate current and optimal training loads for elite hurdlers and compares planned loads with mathematically calculated targets. Eighteen high-class athletes were analyzed across six three-month training periods, using seven variables and 22 specific exercises. The method supports detecting planning errors and enabling corrective adjustments in subsequent periods.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/journal-of-human-kinetics-volume-6-the-optimization-of-training-loads-in-high-class-hurdlers/153208/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/journal-of-human-kinetics-volume-6-the-optimization-of-training-loads-in-high-class-hurdlers/153208.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Asher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-08-27",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does the paper improve steering and control of hurdling training?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It applies mathematical optimization techniques and an optimal steering method to evaluate current versus optimal training loads for each hurdler.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What study design and participants were used?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The research included 18 high hurdlers (110 HH) analyzed across six three-month training periods.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What variables and exercises were used in the optimization process?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Seven state variables described the training process, while 22 specific exercises were used for steering and comparison with optimal loads.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},153208,1787872062,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687197207639,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","JOURNAL OF HUMAN KINETICS VOLUME 6, 2001  \nTHE OPTIMIZATION OF TRAINING LOADS IN HIGH  \nCLASS HURDLERS  \nby  \nJANUSZ ISKRA, IGOR RYGUŁA∗  \nThe application of mathematical techniques of optimization allows for the improvement of steering and controlling of the training process. Until recently all attempts of steering the training process were based on data that included motor test results and the volume of particular exercises.  \nThis paper included the method of optimal steering to evaluate the current and optimal training loads for particular hurdlers.  \nThe research included 18 high hurdlers (110 HH) possessing at least a first sports class. The analysis included six, 3 month training periods, during which an improvement of results was achieved (p ≤ 0,001) . Seven variables were chosen to describe the training process while 22 specific exercises were used in the steering process. The application of optimization allowed for a comparison of the currently used training loads with those that were calculated as optimal. This method allows for the identification of mistakes in planing of the training process and gives the possibility for corrections in successive training periods.  \nKey words: hurdling, training loads, optimization, optimal control  \nIntroduction  \nEarlier analysis of training programs of elite hurdlers indicate that the improvement in results is not always related to the increase in volume and intensity of training loads (Iskra 1998) . Research indicates that excessive training loads or improper proportions of training means are a cause of stagnation or decrement in sport results.  \nThe 110 m hurdle race is a track event which is evenly dependent on both, the level of motor abilities and technique (McFarlane 1988, Otrubiannikow i Razumowski 1988, Iskra 1997) . The necessity of developing speed, endurance  \n∗ Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland  \n59  \nand specific strength as well as technical skills justifies the application of varied training means in training programs of high hurdlers.  \nEach attempt of evaluating the influence of training loads on sport results in the hurdle race must consider a proper classification of annual training means. Previous attempts at classifying training means for this event were usually simplified (Bowerman and Freeman 1988, Otrubiannikow and Razumowski 1988, Rubin and Ilin 1988, Brejzer 1991) . Developing a precise yet simple classification of exercises used in 110 m HH training is of high importance in the application of computer programs for training load analysis. The classification of training means presented in this paper is based on the basic methods of teaching hurdle racing (McFarlane 1988, Otrubiannikow and Razumowski 1988, König 1989, Iskta 1999b, 1999d), physiological aspects of hurdling (Winckler and Gambetta 1987, Hautier at al. 1994, Ward-Smith 1997) and biomechanical aspects of hurdling technique (Grimshaw 1995) .  \nUntil now the analysis of training means in hurdle racing has been done in two ways. One method included the presentation of the volume and intensity of work of the top athlete, in the so called “champion model”(Iskra and Kosmol 1994, Iskra 1999c) . The second procedure included the average value of exercises performed by several top class hurdlers (ten or more) . This allowed for the development of certain norms of performed exercises for hurdlers representing different sport levels (Kawierin and Schustin 1981, Otrubiannikowand Razumowski 1988, König 1989) . Both procedures had many vices, among which the most important included the impossibility to copy the “champion model” training concept and the omitance of individual predispositions. First attempts to optimilize training loads in hurdle racing over 110 m were undertaken by Rubin and Ilin (1978) and Brejzer (1991) . These authors attempted to create mathematical training models for high class athletes using a minimal amount of exercises (2-4) . These analysis considered only the final ","cbCaigEWluOGg7It","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigEWluOGg7It","pdf",203851,14,"English","# Introduction\n# Material and methods\n## Mathematical model\n### Describing the variables for the model","[{\"question\":\"How does the paper improve steering and control of hurdling training?\",\"answer\":\"It applies mathematical optimization techniques and an optimal steering method to evaluate current versus optimal training loads for each hurdler.\"},{\"question\":\"What study design and participants were used?\",\"answer\":\"The research included 18 high hurdlers (110 HH) analyzed across six three-month training periods.\"},{\"question\":\"What variables and exercises were used in the optimization process?\",\"answer\":\"Seven state variables described the training process, while 22 specific exercises were used for steering and comparison with optimal loads.\"}]","JOURNAL OF HUMAN KINETICS - VOLUME 6 - THE OPTIMIZATION OF TRAINING LOADS IN HIGH CLASS HURDLERS | PDF",35]