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Scapular dyskinesia, marked by altered scapular positioning, is linked to shoulder dysfunction, yet evidence from Pakistan is limited. A cross-sectional study among 56 female teachers in Karachi assessed pain/disability using SPADI and scapular asymmetry using LSST, with ordinal logistic regression to identify predictors and confounder adjustment.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/journal-of-health-wellness-and-community-research-volume-iii-issue-viii-original-article/514031/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/journal-of-health-wellness-and-community-research-volume-iii-issue-viii-original-article/514031.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Muffet","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-06",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What question does the study address?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study investigates whether blackboard teaching is associated with the prevalence of scapular dyskinesia and shoulder pain among female school teachers in Karachi, Pakistan.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were pain and disability measured?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Pain and disability were assessed using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI).",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which factor was independently associated with disability burden?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Greater scapular asymmetry, particularly values greater than 1 cm, significantly predicted higher pain severity and was associated with increased disability burden.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},514031,1791453657,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},962090768927,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Journal of Health, Wellness, and Community Research  \nVolume III, Issue VIII  \nOpen Access, Double Blind Peer Reviewed. Web: [https://jhwcr.com](https://jhwcr.com), ISSN: 3007-0570  \n[https://doi.org/10.61919/ecz0fp37](https://doi.org/10.61919/ecz0fp37)  \nOriginal Article  \nInvestigating the Association of Blackboard Teaching with Scapular Dyskinesia and Shoulder Pain Among School Teachers in Karachi, Pakistan  \nMariam Khalid¹, Maira Muneer¹, OkashaAnjum¹  \n¹ Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan  \n[Correspondence](Correspondence: mariam.khalid.uni@gmail.com)[: mariam.khalid.uni@gmail.com](Correspondence: mariam.khalid.uni@gmail.com)  \nAuthors’Contributions: Concept and design: Concept: ABI, ZR; Design: MHA, AR; Data Collection: IF, MR; Analysis: AC; Drafting: FI Cite this Article | Received: 2025-05-11 | Accepted 2025-07-04  \nNo conflicts declared; ethics approved; consent obtained; data available on request; no funding received.  \nABSTRACT  \nBackground: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent a significant occupational health burden globally, with teachers frequently reporting shoulder pain due to repetitive overhead tasks such as blackboard writing. Scapular dyskinesia, characterized by altered scapular positioning, is increasingly recognized as a contributor to shoulder dysfunction, yet data from Pakistan remain limited. Objective: To investigate the association between blackboard teaching and the prevalence of scapular dyskinesia and shoulder pain among female school teachers in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over six months in six schools in Karachi, enrolling 56 female teachers aged 20–45 years with at least two years of teaching experience anda minimum of two hours per week of blackboard instruction. Data collection included the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) for assessing pain and disability, and the Lateral Scapular Slide Test (LSST) for measuring scapular asymmetry. Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify predictors of pain severity, adjusting for age, teaching experience, and shoulder pain duration. Results: Moderate shoulder pain was prevalent (mean SPADI pain at worst: 3. 70, SD = 2.87). Greater scapular asymmetry, particularly >1 cm, significantly predicted higher pain severity (OR = 0.28, p = 0.025). Disability burden increased with pain chronicity and was highest among teachers with greater asymmetry. Age and teaching experience were not significant predictors. Conclusion: Blackboard teaching contributes to shoulder pain and scapular dyskinesia among female teachers in Karachi, with scapular asymmetry independently associated with higher disability burden. Ergonomic interventions and targeted rehabilitation are warranted to reduce occupational MSD risk.  \nKeywords: Blackboard teaching, scapulardyskinesia, shoulder pain, musculoskeletal disorders, occupational health, teachers, Karachi, SPADI, LSST  \nINTRODUCTION  \nMusculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are recognized globally as a significant occupational health burden, with teachers emerging as a highrisk group due to the physical demands of their work, particularly prolonged static postures and repetitive overhead arm movements during blackboard teaching. In many countries, women increasingly comprise the teaching workforce, making it imperative to address genderspecific occupational risks (1). According to the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) in the United States, MSDs at work represent a substantial proportion of job-related illness costs, estimated between $13 and $54 billion annually, and constitute a major cause of early retirement and reduced workforce productivity among teachers (2) . Research across various countries has revealed a strikingly wide prevalence of MSDs among teachers, ranging from 23.7% to 95.1%, with neck, shoulder, and lower back pain being most commonly reported (3) . Specifically, shoulder pain prevalence exhibits substantial international variability, from","cbCainEMSVW2rYdR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainEMSVW2rYdR","pdf",374888,"English","# ABSTRACT\n# INTRODUCTION","[{\"question\":\"What question does the study address?\",\"answer\":\"The study investigates whether blackboard teaching is associated with the prevalence of scapular dyskinesia and shoulder pain among female school teachers in Karachi, Pakistan.\"},{\"question\":\"How were pain and disability measured?\",\"answer\":\"Pain and disability were assessed using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI).\"},{\"question\":\"Which factor was independently associated with disability burden?\",\"answer\":\"Greater scapular asymmetry, particularly values greater than 1 cm, significantly predicted higher pain severity and was associated with increased disability burden.\"}]","Journal of Health, Wellness, and Community Research - Volume III - Issue VIII - Original Article | PDF",1791295483,15]