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A hand screen printing approach is employed using different curing temperatures and urea concentrations to produce skin-friendly products. Woven, bleached fabrics undergo screen printing, drying, and curing for fixation, and H-CHO levels are quantified during washing and rubbing. Increasing curing temperature rapidly decreases H-CHO, with best rubbing fastness at 160˚C, and improved rubbing at 2% urea fixed at 150˚C. The final fabric supports clothing applications and aligns with OEKO-TEX® Standard 100 for low formaldehyde content.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/journal-of-design-and-textiles-jdt-volume-3-issue-2-fall-2024-development-of-greenskin-friendly-textiles-by-minimizing-formaldehyde-content-in-pigment-printing/149235/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/journal-of-design-and-textiles-jdt-volume-3-issue-2-fall-2024-development-of-greenskin-friendly-textiles-by-minimizing-formaldehyde-content-in-pigment-printing/149235.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Dozel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-18","2026-08-27",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main objective of the study on pigment-printed cotton fabrics?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To reduce formaldehyde content in pigment printed cotton fabrics with deep shades by using controlled curing conditions and urea concentrations.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does curing temperature affect formaldehyde (H-CHO) reduction?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"H-CHO contents are instantly reduced by increasing the curing temperature of the printed fabric during curing.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which curing conditions provide the best rubbing fastness and improved rubbing results?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Best wet and dry rubbing fastness is achieved at 160˚C. 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I. Siyal, S. Saleemi, N. Soomro, and R. F. Qureshi,“Development of green/skin-friendly textiles by minimizing formaldehyde content in pigment printing,” J. Des. Text., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 89–105, Nov. 2024, doi:  \n[https://doi.org/10.32350/jdt.32.05](https://doi.org/10.32350/jdt.32.05)  \n© The Authors  \nThis article is open access and is distributed under the terms of  \nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License  \nAuthor(s) declared no conflict of interest  \nA publication of School of Design and Textiles  \nUniversity of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan  \nDevelopment of Green/Skin-friendly Textiles by Minimizing Formaldehyde Content in Pigment Printing  \nMuhammad Irfan Siyal 1, Sidra Saleemi 2 ∗, Noorullah Soomro3, and Raja Fahad Qureshi4  \n1Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Pakistan 2Institute of Polymer and Textile Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan  \n3Namangan Institute of Textile Industry, Republic of Uzbekistan  \n4Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology. Pakistan  \nABSTRACT This study aims to reduce the content of formaldehyde in pigment printed cotton fabric with deep shades. A hand screen printing method was applied using various curing temperatures and concentrations of urea for preparation of skin-friendly products. The woven, bleached fabrics were printed following a precise process of screen printing and these samples were dried and cured for proper fixation. Standard test procedures were followed to assess the content of H-CHO (formaldehyde) during washing and rubbing. H-CHO contents were instantly reduced by increasing the temperature of the printed fabric during curing. The best outcome for wet and dry fastness of rubbing was achieved at 160˚C, while a little enhanced rubbing outcomes were observed when the concentration of urea was 2% at a fixation temperature of 150˚C. The final product may be effectively used for clothing purpose, meeting the OEKO-TEX® Standard 100 standard for low formaldehyde content.  \nINDEX TERMS Formaldehyde content, pigment printing, rubbing fastness, skin-friendly textile, urea, washing fastness.  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nMost textiles are printed with pigments because of their appreciable benefits [1] . These advantages include versatility regarding end use, easy processing, applicability to nearly each type of fiber or blend, and lack of need for any wash after curing of printed fabrics [2] . However, printing with pigment had few critical issues such as high fixation temperature compared to dyeing process. In addition to this, printed fabrics have more stiffness as compare to dyeing as dye, bad rubbing fastness, and high contents of  \n∗Corresponding Author: [sidraatif.ipte@pu.edu.pk](sidraatif.ipte@pu.edu.pk)  \nformaldehyde. Pigment printed fabrics need to be cured with fixing on the surface of fabric with covalent bonds. Pigments require high fixation temperature. Hence, various processes and techniques have been designed to decrease","cbCaiqXOXd2edrhk","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqXOXd2edrhk","pdf",711681,17,"English","# Abstract\n## Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the main objective of the study on pigment-printed cotton fabrics?\",\"answer\":\"To reduce formaldehyde content in pigment printed cotton fabrics with deep shades by using controlled curing conditions and urea concentrations.\"},{\"question\":\"How does curing temperature affect formaldehyde (H-CHO) reduction?\",\"answer\":\"H-CHO contents are instantly reduced by increasing the curing temperature of the printed fabric during curing.\"},{\"question\":\"Which curing conditions provide the best rubbing fastness and improved rubbing results?\",\"answer\":\"Best wet and dry rubbing fastness is achieved at 160˚C. Improved rubbing outcomes are observed with 2% urea at a fixation temperature of 150˚C.\"}]","Journal of Design and Textiles (JDT) - Volume 3 - Issue 2 - Fall 2024 - Development of Green/Skin-friendly Textiles by Minimizing Formaldehyde Content in Pigment Printing | PDF",43]