[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-108881-en":3,"doc-seo-108881-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},108881,962075114765,"Quinn","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","Jobs in the Horn of Africa - Synoptic Brief","Jobs in the Horn of Africa: Synoptic Brief provides an overview of labor markets and job outcomes across Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia. It summarizes labor force participation, unemployment and underemployment, and the labor force’s demographic profile, then compares employment patterns by type and sector. Limited job-outcome information, especially wage levels, is synthesized to highlight common trends and country-specific features, using the most recent available representative employment data and consistent indicators across surveys.","Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized  \n© 2021 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK  \n1818 H Street NW  \nWashington, DC 20433  \nUSA  \nAll rights reserved  \nPhotos: Shutterstock and Unsplash.  \nHORN OF AFRICA REGIONAL ECONOMIC MEMORANDUM BACKGROUND PAPER 2  \nJobs in the Horn of Africa: Synoptic Brief  \n-Tom Farole, Jan von der Goltz, Tove Sahr, and Mariana Viollaz  \niv  \nCONTENTS  \n1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1  \n2 An overview of the labor markets in the Horn of Africa ...... 3  \n3 Employment patterns ............................................................................................................... 9  \n4 Job outcomes ...................................................................................................................................... 15  \n5 A labor demand perspective .......................................................................................... 19  \n6 Labor market patterns and job outcomes in the border areas .................................................................................................................................................................... 21  \n7 Youth cohorts ....................................................................................................................................... 25  \n8 Policy recommendations .................................................................................................... 29  \nReferences ................................................................................................................................................ 31  \nv  \nvi  \nSECTION 1 | INTRODUCTION  \nSECTION 1  \nIntroduction  \nThis note provides an overview of labor marketsand job outcomes in the Horn of Africa. This background note was prepared for the Horn of Africa Regional Economic Memorandum.1 It provides an overview of issues related to jobs in the five countries of the region, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia. It first discusses labor market characteristics, notably labor force participation, unemployment and underemployment, as well as demographics of the labor force. Secondly, it compares employment patterns, focusing on the type and sector of employment. Finally, it looks at the limited information available on jobs outcomes – notably, wage levels. It seeks to provides a relatively succinct synoptic summary of the common trends among the five countries as well as some distinct features. With the exception of Eritrea, the World Bank has recently analyzed jobs outcomesin all countries of the region (World Bank 2018b, 2019a, 2020a, forthcoming) . This note references these analyses, and the reader can consult them for additional detail.  \nThe analysis draws upon the most recent representative employment data available for each country, but data are dated in some cases. Apart from Eritrea, the analysis presented in this note is based upon the most recent primary data on employment available at time of writing. In the case of Ethiopia, this is a 2013 Labor Force Survey; in Djibouti, Kenya, and Somalia, data comes from household surveys (2017, 2015, 2017) . For Eritrea, no suitable primary data were accessible. Thereport therefore presents statistics published in  \nthe summary report on the most recent (2015/16) Labor Force Survey (Government of the State of Eritrea, 2018) . Throughout this note, where no separate source is indicated, statistics shown in Figures and Tables or cited in the text are based on the authors’ calculations from the databases shown in Table 1. It is worth noting that data for Ethiopia as well as Eritrea and Kenya were already quite dated at time of writing, and can neither account, for instance, for continued manufacturing growth in Ethiopia and Kenya, no","cbCaiuZGUP9e1XBp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuZGUP9e1XBp","pdf",3601624,3,1,38,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Labor market characteristics and job outcomes overview\n## Data sources, indicator consistency, and comparability","[{\"question\":\"Which countries are covered in the synoptic brief?\",\"answer\":\"The brief covers Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia.\"},{\"question\":\"What labor market aspects are discussed first?\",\"answer\":\"It reviews labor force participation, unemployment and underemployment, and the labor force’s demographics.\"},{\"question\":\"How are job outcomes presented and what data limitations are noted?\",\"answer\":\"Job outcomes are summarized using limited available information, with wage levels emphasized, and the analysis relies on representative employment data that may be dated for some countries.\"}]","Jobs in the Horn of Africa - Synoptic Brief | PDF",1784474616,96,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":29},"jobs-in-the-horn-of-africa-synoptic-brief","",{"@graph":37,"@context":86},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,51],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/jobs-in-the-horn-of-africa-synoptic-brief/108881/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-30","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"Which countries are covered in the synoptic brief?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"The brief covers Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What labor market aspects are discussed first?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"It reviews labor force participation, unemployment and underemployment, and the labor force’s demographics.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"How are job outcomes presented and what data limitations are noted?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Job outcomes are summarized using limited available information, with wage levels emphasized, and the analysis relies on representative employment data that may be dated for some countries.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,121,124,129,132,136],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]