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The research traces formative early initiatives and contextualizes how these past actions shape current Australian practices.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/it-all-begins-with-the-beat-of-a-drum-early-australian-encounters-with-orff-schulwerk/593505/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/it-all-begins-with-the-beat-of-a-drum-early-australian-encounters-with-orff-schulwerk/593505.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Jasmine","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"When is the Orff Schulwerk approach in Australia commonly believed to have begun?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It is generally reported as occurring in the late 1960s.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What earlier evidence does the article provide about Orff Schulwerk in Australia?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Patricia L. Holmes included Orff materials in teacher inservices in the late 1950s, before overseas work involving Doreen Hall, Carl Orff, and Gunild Keetman.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Which early Australian contributions and organizations does the article highlight?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"It discusses Keith Smith’s introduction of Orff-Schulwerk in Queensland and his later leadership, including the establishment of ANCOSA in 1976, along with subsequent state associations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},593505,1792189807,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":55,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336478487870,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","“It all begins with the beat of a drum”: Early Australian encounters with Orff Schulwerk  \nJane Southcott, Wei Cosaitis  \nMonash University  \nAbstract  \nThe introduction of the influential Orff Schulwerk approach to music education in Australia is generally reported as occurring in the late 1960s. However, this was not the earliest encounters with the pedagogy in Australia. Patricia  \nL. Holmes included Orff materials in teacher inservices in the late 1950s, before she travelled overseas to work with Doreen Hall, Carl Orff and Gunild Keetman. Historical research is lacking in many aspects of music education in Australia and this article attempts to chronicle early efforts and add to our understanding of what has been done in the past and shapes our present practices.  \nKey words: Orff Schulwerk; Australian music education; Patricia L. Holmes; history of music education.  \nAustralian Journal of Music Education 2012:2,20-32  \nIntroduction  \nOrff Schulwerk is an internationally recognized creative music pedagogy developed by German composer Carl Orff and his colleague Gunild Keetman (Orff, 1978; Frazee, 1987; Goodkin, 2001) . Since its re-emergence in the 1950s the Orff approach has made a significant impact on music education worldwide (Taylor, 2000; International Herald Tribune, 1982). Having spread to many countries around the world, the approach has also been developed and adapted by Australian music educators for our varying educational programs and cultural contexts. Just how the Orff approach first reached Australia remains contested, but the influence of the approach is undeniable. In The Oxford Companion to Australian Music Stevens (1997) carefully states that,“it was not until the 1960s that classroom instrumental music and creative  \nmusic-making became firmly established with the Orff-Schulwerk approach. Keith Smith introduced Orff-Schulwerk to Queensland schools, from where it spread to other states. John Morriss also promoted the method, initially in Victoria and later in Tasmania. There were Orff-Schulwerk associations in most states”(Stevens, 1997, p. 399). Hogg (2003) is more specific and offers helpful details concerning Smith’s early experience in Orff Schulwerk asserting that he was “the first Orff Schulwerk teacher in Australia”(p. 485) . No dates for the specific introductions in Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania are given and no other states are mentioned. It is frequently stated that Keith H. Smith, a tertiary music education lecturer in Australia and internationally, founded the first state Orff Association in Australia in Queensland in the late 1960s. Smith was “one of the first  \nAustralians to study in Salzburg and introduced the Orff process to many Australians through his workshops and Summer Schools in Armidale”(Gerozisis, 2002, p. 22) . He was also the first President of the national body, Australian National Council of Orff Schulwerk Associations (ANCOSA), established in 1976 (Australian National Council of Orff Schulwerk, 2005) . Smith was a most engaging teacher who inspired others to become immersed in the method, such as Lorna Parker and Diana Humphries. During January 1971, Parker and Humphries attended a two-week Summer School in Orff Schulwerk, run by Smith in Armidale (Gerozisis, 2002). Following the model of Queensland, other states founded their own Orff Schulwerk Associations, for example, New South Wales in 1972 and Victoria in 1977. Since 1991 ANCOSA has included all states (Maubach, 2006) . The contributions of Smith and other acknowledged Australian pioneers of Orff Schulwerk are not in question (Haselbach, 2006) . This article intends to add to our understanding of our music education history by acknowledging the work of another Australian music educator, Patricia L. Holmes, in bringing Orff Schulwerk to Australia in the early 1960s. First there will be a brief overview of the Orff approach.  \nThe Orff approach  \nOrff’s ideas about teaching music to children arose from his personal","cbCaikK6nOLRgY9H","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikK6nOLRgY9H","pdf",996697,13,"English","# Introduction\n# The Orff approach","[{\"question\":\"When is the Orff Schulwerk approach in Australia commonly believed to have begun?\",\"answer\":\"It is generally reported as occurring in the late 1960s.\"},{\"question\":\"What earlier evidence does the article provide about Orff Schulwerk in Australia?\",\"answer\":\"Patricia L. Holmes included Orff materials in teacher inservices in the late 1950s, before overseas work involving Doreen Hall, Carl Orff, and Gunild Keetman.\"},{\"question\":\"Which early Australian contributions and organizations does the article highlight?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses Keith Smith’s introduction of Orff-Schulwerk in Queensland and his later leadership, including the establishment of ANCOSA in 1976, along with subsequent state associations.\"}]","“It all begins with the beat of a drum”: Early Australian encounters with Orff Schulwerk | PDF",1792077376,33]