[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-42670-en":3,"doc-seo-42670-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},42670,687197207057,"Sage","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"Research & Report","Issues Relating to Civilian and Military Dual Uses of GNSS","The paper examines key policy, legal, and operational challenges arising from the dual civilian and military use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), with emphasis on the primary provider, the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS). It analyzes why accommodating all civilian requirements is difficult for the Department of Defense, how resolution often relies on pressure and negotiation, and how civilian demands for guarantees and control intensify tensions. It also discusses European competition via Galileo and lingering concerns about continuity, denial of access, interference, and liability.","Space Policy 17 (2001) 111–119  \nIssues relating to civilian and military dual uses of GNSS$  \nPaul B. Larsen*  \nGeorgetown University Law Center, 600 New Jersey Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20001-2075, USA  \nAbstract  \nThis paper discusses the civilian and military dual uses of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) . Its focus is on the primary GNSS provider: the United States dual use Global Positioning System (GPS) . The Russian Glonass is also dual use but this is used much less than GPS. It is difficult for the US Department of Defense to accommodate the requirements of all the civilian users. Resolution of some dual use problems is accomplished through pressure and negotiation. International civilian users exacerbate the dual use problem by demanding service guaranties and a share of control over GPS. Additionally, Europeans seek to obtain a share of the promising GNSS industry and employment by building their own GNSS provider Galileo. \\# 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.  \n1. Introduction  \nThe Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) continues to be controversial, mostly because civilians and the military share the same system: it is dual use. This paper will focus on the dual use problems of the primary GNSS system, the US Global Positioning System (GPS) . Several of the current GPS controversies are abating. First, civilians and the military now get the same quality positioning and navigation service because of the recent elimination of Selective Availability (SA)(see Ref. [6]) . Second, the civilian and military GPS radio signals will be separated (see footnote 2, 1999, pp. 1–8) in a sense civilians will have their own system, separate from the military radio signals.  \nSeveral significant controversies continue to rage. First, international civilian GPS users are afraid that the US military may discontinue GPS for US national security reasons. This fear exists in spite of US assurances that the service will be continued. However, none of these assurances have the status of international law. Second, international civilian users and States fear that they arbitrarily may be denied access to the GPS system. Third, there is concern that the GNSS may be  \n$This paper refers to the Global Navigation Satellite System as GNSS. The US GNSS provider is the Global Positioning System called GPS. This paper was presented to the International Institute of Space Law Conference in Rio de Janeiro, October 2000 .  \n*Tel.: +1-202-662-9000; fax: +1-202-662-9444 .  \nE-mail address: [pblspace@aol.com](pblspace@aol.com) (P.B. Larsen) .  \nvulnerable to interference and therefore unreliable (see footnote 3) . Interference may be in the form of terrorist attacks or in the form of scheduled maintenance of GPS. Fourth, the United States has declined to negotiate a GNSS liability treaty which would require the United States to pay compensation for defective GPS service. The US argument is that GPS is provided free of charge. The United States pays $300–400 million a year to maintain GPS in top condition and to make improvements. There is no wish to incur the additional cost of liability. Fifth, the United States GPS industry has asignificant economic advantage in that the primary GNSS provider is the United States. The future GNSS market potential is estimated to be in the nature of 40–50 billion dollars, 1 or even greater. Other countries, in particular the European countries, would like to compete for a share of the GNSS market and the GNSS industrial employment by establishing a competing civilian GNSS called Galileo.  \nThese are just some of the current GNSS issues.  \n2. Single system, dual use: scope of dual use GNSS  \nThe most tantalizing aspect of Global Navigation Satellite Systems is that virtually all GNSS users,  \n1 The Global Positioning System: Charting the Future, National Academy of Public Administration, National Research Council, 1995, pp. XXVI; European Commission, Galileo, Involving Europe in a New Generation ","cbCailCWtIK4d7i7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailCWtIK4d7i7","pdf",143406,5,1,9,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Single system, dual use: scope of dual use GNSS\n### National institutions","[{\"question\":\"What is the paper’s main focus regarding GNSS?\",\"answer\":\"The paper focuses on problems created by the dual use of GNSS by civilian and military users, especially the U.S. GPS as the primary system.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do international civilian users create additional dual-use difficulties?\",\"answer\":\"International civilian users raise the dual-use challenge by demanding service guarantees and seeking a share of control over GPS, increasing pressure on U.S. decision-making.\"},{\"question\":\"What concerns remain for international civilian users despite U.S. assurances?\",\"answer\":\"Concerns include fear that the military could discontinue GPS for security reasons, the risk of being denied access without international-law status of assurances, and vulnerability of GNSS to interference or scheduled maintenance.\"}]",1783355987,23,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"issues-relating-to-civilian-and-military-dual-uses-of-gnss","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/issues-relating-to-civilian-and-military-dual-uses-of-gnss/42670/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-19","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What is the paper’s main focus regarding GNSS?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"The paper focuses on problems created by the dual use of GNSS by civilian and military users, especially the U.S. GPS as the primary system.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"Why do international civilian users create additional dual-use difficulties?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"International civilian users raise the dual-use challenge by demanding service guarantees and seeking a share of control over GPS, increasing pressure on U.S. decision-making.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What concerns remain for international civilian users despite U.S. assurances?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Concerns include fear that the military could discontinue GPS for security reasons, the risk of being denied access without international-law status of assurances, and vulnerability of GNSS to interference or scheduled 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