[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-38745-en":3,"doc-seo-38745-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},38745,687197207919,"Theodora","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000253d6f5f7c60be?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779446848396160552",9,"Religion & Spirituality","Islamic Creeds: A Selection (Translated by William Montgomery Watt)","Islamic Creeds: A Selection presents translated creedal texts drawn mainly from mainstream Sunni Islam, explaining how Islamic belief statements developed through scholarly and legal traditions rather than centralized church authority. The introduction situates creeds within early Islamic history after the Hijra, contrasting political autonomy and unity of religion and politics with Christianity’s later institutional structures. It describes the role of ulema, the precedence of legal over theological concerns, and how differing views around Ali produced early Sunni and Shi'ite trajectories.","ALSO AVAILABLE FROMEDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS:  \nJOHN BURTONTHE SOURCES OF ISLAMIC LAW  \nR.HILLENBRAND  \nISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE  \nSHMUEL MOREH  \nLIVE THEATRE AND DRAMATIC LITERATUREIN THE MEDIEVAL ARABIC WORLD  \n'This original and scholarly study upsets received theories on thehistory of the dramatic arts in Arabic...[and]opens up fascinating,new and unexpected vistas.'  \nR.B.Serjeant  \nANNEMARIE SCHIMMEL  \nDECIPHERING THE SIGNS OF GOD:  \nA PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ISLAMD.TALBOT-RICEISLAMIC PAINTING  \nFor details of these and other titles,visit www.eup.ed.ac.uk  \nIslamic Creeds  \nA Selection  \nTranslated byWilliam Montgomery Watt  \nEDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS  \n◎ W.M.Watt,1994  \nEdinburgh University Press Ltd22 George Square,Edinburgh  \nSet in Linotron Trump Medievalby Koinonia Ltd,Bury,andprinted in Great Britainby CPI Antony Rowe,Eastbourne  \nTransferred to digital print 2007  \nA CIP record for this book isavailable from the British Library  \nISBN 0748605223 (cased)ISBN 0748605134(paper)  \nINTRODUCTION  \nThe historical background3Some articles of belief and the relevant terms13Note on literature22Standard translations23  \nTHE CREEDS  \nThe Hanbalites  \n29  \nAhmad ibn Hanbal  \n30  \nA Shorter Hanbalite Creed  \n32  \nA Longer Hanbalite Creed  \n33  \nAl-Ash'ariAl-Tahāwi  \n41  \n48  \nThe Testament of Abū HanifaA Later Hanafite CreedAl-QayrawāniAl-GhazaliAl-NasafiAl-IjiAl-SanūsiAllama-i-Hilli  \n57  \n62  \n69  \n73  \n80  \n86  \n90  \n98  \nIndex  \n# Introduction\n\n工  \n# The historical background\n\nThe creeds translated in this book,with the exception of the last,camefrom the main body of the Muslims,usually referred to as Sunnite(Sunni)Islam.About ninety per cent of the Muslims in the world todayare Sunnites,and the other ten per cent are nearly all Shi'ites of threedifferent kinds.Sunnite Islam is thus comparable to the undividedChristian Church of the first ten centuries,but there are also impor-tant differences.One is that there is nothing equivalent to the bishopsand ecumenical councils of the Church,and thus no body to givecreeds an official status such as the Apostles'Creed and the NiceneCreed have in Christendom.The Islamic creeds formulate the beliefsof an individual scholar or of groups of scholars.  \nThis structural difference probably came about because of the verydifferent circumstances in which the early development of the tworeligions took place.For a century or more,the Christian communityconsisted of a minority which had separated itself from its neighboursby its religious practice.It was therefore natural for there to be a strongsense of community in each local congregation,and it was foundhelpful to have a bishop to lead the group and to maintain contact withother local groups.In early Islam,the situation was altogether differ-ent.After the Hijra (the migration of Muhammad from Mecca toMedina),the Muslims were a majority and politically autonomous.Even if later in some of the conquered lands they were for a time aminority,they were still politically supreme.Because the Muslimcommunity had a political structure,no need was felt to have somefurther structure to deal with purely religious matters.Indeed,Mus-lims have tended to hold that for them there was no separationbetween religion and politics.  \nNevertheless,the Islamic community did gradually develop waysof dealing with matters of belief.In the course of the first Islamiccentury,it became customary for those specially interested in theirreligion to take up a position in a mosque and discuss various ques-tions with any who cared to listen to them.Such persons came to beknown as ulema(ulama'),that is,scholars or scholar-jurists.Fromsuch beginnings,more formal legal and theological schools developed.It should be emphasised that,in Islam,what Westerners would calllegal matters take precedence,and that theology tends to be regardedas a subdivision of law.It will be noticed that in the earlier creeds thereare many articles which Christians would regard as belonging to  \nISLAMI","cbCaiiWC4xf1u0kw","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiWC4xf1u0kw","pdf",11208036,1,113,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# The historical background","[{\"question\":\"Which Muslim tradition do the translated creeds in this book mainly come from?\",\"answer\":\"Most translated creeds come from the main body of Muslims, usually referred to as Sunnite (Sunni) Islam.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the book emphasize a difference between Islamic creeds and Christian creeds?\",\"answer\":\"Islamic creeds are formulated by individual scholars or groups, without an equivalent to bishops and ecumenical councils that give official status to creeds in Christendom.\"},{\"question\":\"How did early Islamic history influence the development of beliefs and creedal statements?\",\"answer\":\"After the Hijra Muslims became politically autonomous and a majority; because religion and politics were not separated, there was less need for separate institutional structures for purely religious matters, while scholarly discussion in mosques helped formal legal and theological schools 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Muslim tradition do the translated creeds in this book mainly come from?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Most translated creeds come from the main body of Muslims, usually referred to as Sunnite (Sunni) Islam.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Why does the book emphasize a difference between Islamic creeds and Christian creeds?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Islamic creeds are formulated by individual scholars or groups, without an equivalent to bishops and ecumenical councils that give official status to creeds in Christendom.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How did early Islamic history influence the development of beliefs and creedal statements?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"After the Hijra Muslims became politically autonomous and a majority; because religion and politics were not separated, there was less need for separate institutional structures for purely religious matters, while scholarly discussion in mosques helped formal legal and theological 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