[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-375567-105":59,"doc-detail-375567-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","is-chimerism-associated-with-cancer-across-the-tree-of-life","Is chimerism associated with cancer across the tree of life?","","Chimerism is a multicellular-state phenomenon across the tree of life, defined as organisms composed of cells from genetically distinct entities. Because the ability to tolerate non-self cells may relate to vulnerability to disease, researchers evaluated whether chimerism correlates with cancer across obligately multicellular taxa. They classified 12 taxa by chimerism levels from literature, then tested associations with tumor invasiveness, neoplasia prevalence, and malignancy prevalence in 11 terrestrial mammalian species. Higher chimerism predicted greater tumor invasiveness, while mammalian malignancy and neoplasia showed no link to chimerism.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/is-chimerism-associated-with-cancer-across-the-tree-of-life/375567/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/is-chimerism-associated-with-cancer-across-the-tree-of-life/375567.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Olivia Brown","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How is chimerism defined in this study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Chimerism is defined as a multicellular organism composed of cells from other genetically distinct entities, where cells come from non-clonal sources.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What did the researchers test to link chimerism with cancer?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"They tested whether chimerism levels were associated with tumor invasiveness, neoplasia prevalence, and malignancy prevalence in terrestrial mammals.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What were the main findings regarding chimerism and cancer outcomes?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Higher chimerism levels were associated with higher tumor invasiveness, but there was no association between chimerism and malignancy or neoplasia among mammals.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},375567,1790822364,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},16904993612988,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","PLOS ONE  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nCitation: Kapsetaki SE, Fortunato A, Compton Z, Rupp SM, Nour Z, Riggs-Davis S, et al. (2023) Is chimerism associated with cancer across the tree of life? PLoS ONE 18(6): e0287901 . [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.1371/journal.pone](10.1371/journal.pone).0287901  \nEditor: Michael Schubert, Laboratoire de Biologie du D´eveloppement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, FRANCE  \nReceived: January 21, 2023  \nAccepted: June 15, 2023  \nPublished: June 29, 2023  \nPeer Review History: PLOS recognizes the benefits of transparency in the peer review process; therefore, we enable the publication of all of the content of peer review and author responses alongside final, published articles. The editorial history of this article is available here:  \n[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287901](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287901)  \n[Copyright:](Copyright:) © [2023](2023) Kapsetaki et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.  \nData Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.  \nRESEARCH ARTICLE  \nIs chimerism associated with cancer across the tree of life?  \nStefania E. Kapsetaki1,2 *, Angelo Fortunato1,2, Zachary Compton1,2,3, Shawn  \nM. Rupp1,2, Zaid Nour1,2, Skyelyn Riggs-Davis1,2, Dylan Stephenson4, Elizabeth  \nG. Duke1,5,6, Amy M. Boddy1,7, Tara M. Harrison1,5,6, Carlo C. Maley1,2,3☯, Athena Aktipis1,4☯  \n1 Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America,  \n2 Biodesign Institute, Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America, 3 School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America, 4 Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America, 5 Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America, 6 Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America, 7 Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of  \nAmerica  \n☯ These authors contributed equally to this work.  \n* [stkapseta@asu.edu](stkapseta@asu.edu)  \nAbstract  \nChimerism is a widespread phenomenon across the tree of life. It is defined as a multicellular organism composed of cells from other genetically distinct entities. This ability to ‘tolerate’non-self cells may be linked to susceptibility to diseases like cancer. Here we test whether chimerism is associated with cancers across obligately multicellular organisms in the tree of life. We classified 12 obligately multicellular taxa from lowest to highest chimerism levels based on the existing literature on the presence of chimerism in these species. We then tested for associations of chimerism with tumour invasiveness, neoplasia (benign or malignant) prevalence and malignancy prevalence in 11 terrestrial mammalian species. We found that taxa with higher levels of chimerism have higher tumour invasiveness, though there was no association between malignancy or neoplasia and chimerism among mammals. This suggests that there may be an important biological relationship between chimerism and susceptibility to tissue invasion by cancerous cells. Studying chimerism might help us identify mechanisms underlying invasive cancers and also could provide insights into the detection and management of emerging transmissible cancers.  \nIntroduction  \nChimerism is widespread across life  \nAlthough the concept of a chimera derives from a Greek mythological monster with a lion’s head, a goat’s body, and a snake’s tail [ 1,2], chimeras are biologically real. A chimera is an obligately multicellular organism that is composed of non","cbCaipY47CkJUuid","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipY47CkJUuid","pdf",1338287,21,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Chimerism is widespread across life\n## Evolutionary road to obligate multicellularity","[{\"question\":\"How is chimerism defined in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Chimerism is defined as a multicellular organism composed of cells from other genetically distinct entities, where cells come from non-clonal sources.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the researchers test to link chimerism with cancer?\",\"answer\":\"They tested whether chimerism levels were associated with tumor invasiveness, neoplasia prevalence, and malignancy prevalence in terrestrial mammals.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main findings regarding chimerism and cancer outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Higher chimerism levels were associated with higher tumor invasiveness, but there was no association between chimerism and malignancy or neoplasia among mammals.\"}]","Is chimerism associated with cancer across the tree of life? | PDF",1790215384,53]