[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-45857-en":3,"doc-seo-45857-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},45857,8796095461610,"Oliver","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","Iron Nickel Alloy Smelting Production in Luwu South Sulawesi during the Pre Islamic Period","Iron-nickel alloy represents a key research focus for archaeologists and archaeometallurgists. This dissertation investigates archaeometallurgical evidence for iron-nickel production recovered from pre-Islamic iron smelting sites in the Luwu region of South Sulawesi. Excavations at Lake Matano by the OXIS project were examined using optical microscopy and SEM-EDS to reconstruct iron extraction technology. Results indicate ore choice based on local resources, with nickeliferous lateritic iron ore yielding corrosion-resistant iron containing roughly 1–2% nickel, potentially supporting the Luwu kingdom’s power and wealth.","Iron-Nickel Alloy Smelting Production in Luwu, South Sulawesi during the pre-Islamic period  \nMisol Do  \nDissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MSc in the Technology and Analysis of Archaeological Materials of University College London in 2013  \nUCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY  \nABSTRACT  \nIron-nickel alloy has been an interesting research area for archaeologists andarchaeometallurgists. This investigation comprises of the analysis of archaeometallurgical material related to iron-nickel production that was recovered from pre-Islamic iron smelting sites in the Luwu region within South Sulawesi.  \nThis study provides the first archaeometallurgical investigation of the iron-nickel smelting technology using laterite iron ore in Luwu. Sites at Lake Matano were excavated by the OXIS project and their archaeological associations dating from the 15th to 19th centuries was subsequently examined using optical microscopy, and SEM-EDS. As a result, it was possible to gain an insight into the technical processes of iron extraction that were carried out in Luwu.  \nThe results showed that the iron-nickel alloy extraction technologies in Luwu during the pre-Islamic period were characterised by the local resource. Nickeliferous lateritic iron ore was used as an ore, and this resulted in corrosion resistant iron production, which included one or two per cent nickel. This iron-nickel alloy was likely to lead the Luwu kingdom to mighty power and wealth.  \nNote: cover images from Backscattered electron images of slag LMG 713A-L and microphotographs of slag PSN 4240-2 after etching  \nACKNOWLEDGMENT  \nFirst and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Marcos Martinón-Torres for the most valuable guidance and support throughout the year, particularly during my dissertation work. I would also like to thank to Professor Ian Freestone for his considerable help and guidance over the course of the year. Thanks must also go to Dr. David Bulbeck and Dr. Oliver Pryce, who provided both the Luwu iron samples and Southeast Asian archaeological background. I would also like to thank Harriet White and Kevin Reeves for their invaluable technical guidance in the basement labs.  \nI also want to thank all my classmates, MSc Techs 2012-2013. Ana, Enrica, Giovanni, Jeremy, Laura. C, Laura. W, Lylliam, and Tere. I cannot imagine my Masters degree without you guys. My immense gratitude goes to all of my friends for their great energy in supporting me.  \nLast but not least, I am grateful to my family for their endless encouragement, faith and love, and Hyunseok for his support and patience.  \nLIST OF CONTENTS  \nCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………1  \n1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………...1  \n1.2 Historical Background ofLuwu………………………………………………………………………..3  \n1.3 Iron production and use in Indonesia……………………………………………………………….5  \n1.4 Archaeological background ofLuwu…………………………………………………………………9  \n1.4.1 Lake Matano………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………11  \n1.4.2 Katue…………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………...18  \n1.4.3 Sabbang Loang and Pinanto…………..………………………………………………………………………..20  \n1.4.4 Ethnohistorical iron smelting sites………………………………………………………………………....23  \n1.5 Aimsand objectives………………………………………………………………………………………24  \nCHAPTER TWO: MATERIAL AND METHODS……………………………………………………………...25  \n2.1 Material………………………………………………………………………………………………………..25  \n2.1.1 Sample…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..25  \n2.1.2 Sample preparation………………………………………………………………………………………………..26  \n2.2 Analytical methods………………………………………………………………………………………..27  \n2.2.1 Optical Microscopy…………………………………………………………………………………………………27  \n2.2.2 SEM-EDS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..29  \nCHAPTER THREE: RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………………...31  \n3.1 Ore and Gangue…………………………………………………………………………………………….31  \n3.2 Ceramic………………………………………………………………………………………………………..38  \n3.3 Slag……………………………………………………………………………………","cbCaihu4czZIQiUC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihu4czZIQiUC","pdf",21547682,4,1,161,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Historical Background of Luwu\n## Iron production and use in Indonesia\n## Archaeological background of Luwu\n## Aims and objectives\n# Materials and Methods\n## Material\n## Analytical methods\n# Results\n## Ore and Gangue\n## Ceramic\n## Slag\n## Iron artefact\n# Discussion\n## Possible operating parameters\n## Further operating parameters\n## Archaeological interpretation\n# Conclusion\n# Bibliography","[{\"question\":\"What research question does the dissertation address about iron-nickel alloy production in Luwu?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes archaeometallurgical material from pre-Islamic smelting sites in Luwu to investigate the iron-nickel production technology and extraction processes.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the Lake Matano smelting sites studied in this research?\",\"answer\":\"Archaeological associations from the 15th to 19th centuries were examined using optical microscopy and SEM-EDS.\"},{\"question\":\"What role did local ore resources play in the iron-nickel extraction technology?\",\"answer\":\"Nickeliferous lateritic iron ore from local resources was used, producing corrosion-resistant iron-nickel alloy with about 1–2% nickel.\"}]",1783467518,406,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"iron-nickel-alloy-smelting-production-in-luwu-south-sulawesi-during-the-pre-islamic-period","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/iron-nickel-alloy-smelting-production-in-luwu-south-sulawesi-during-the-pre-islamic-period/45857/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-20","2026-07-07",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What research question does the dissertation address about iron-nickel alloy production in Luwu?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It analyzes archaeometallurgical material from pre-Islamic smelting sites in Luwu to investigate the iron-nickel production technology and extraction processes.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How were the Lake Matano smelting sites studied in this research?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Archaeological associations from the 15th to 19th centuries were examined using optical microscopy and SEM-EDS.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What role did local ore resources play in the iron-nickel extraction technology?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Nickeliferous lateritic iron ore from local resources was used, producing corrosion-resistant iron-nickel alloy with about 1–2% 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