[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-154908-en":3,"doc-seo-154908-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},154908,1374391975076,"Riley","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253ca4ec9f6853?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1783305029341752051",8,"Research & Report","Iron Fertilization in Bareroot Nursery Seedbeds","Iron fertilization in bareroot nursery seedbeds addresses iron (Fe) deficiency expressed as chlorosis. Adequate fertilization supports strong conifer growth at acidic soil pH 4.5–5.5, yet liming used to raise pH above 5.5 can trigger “lime-induced” chlorosis through Fe deficiency. Deficiency often follows “summer chlorosis” or “nitrate-induced” patterns but can green again when temperatures cool. The article reviews publications and observations on Fe use, plus challenges and misconceptions, noting fewer nurseries applying Fe today.","Iron Fertilization in Bareroot Nursery Seedbeds  \nDavid B. South  \nProfessor Emeritus, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, AL.  \nAbstract  \nWith adequate fertilization, bareroot conifers grow well at pH 4.5 to 5.5. Because some guidelines suggest that seedlings grow best at pH 5.5 to 6.5, lime is sometimes applied when soil drops below pH 5.5. Liming, however, can result in “lime-induced” chlorosis which may be attributed to an iron (Fe) deficiency. Fe deficiency is often associated with “summer chlorosis” or “nitrate-induced” chlorosis. With no treatment, however, seedlings may return to a green color when temperatures cool. At many bareroot nurseries, Fe deficiency has declined because: (1) soil acidity of seedbeds has been lowered to below pH 5.6; (2) nitrate application has decreased by more than 55 percent; and (3) irrigation is used to cool seedbeds in July. Now, about one-third of bareroot nurseries in the southern United States do not fertilize with Fe. This article gives an overview of publications and observations regarding the use ofFe in bareroot nurseries and associated products, challenges, and misconceptions.  \nIntroduction  \nIron (Fe) is the most common element in the Earth and the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Although various soils may contain more than 6 percent Fe, sometimes soil tests extract less than  \n10 ppm (Mexal and Fisher 1987, Solan et al. 1979, Van Lear and Smith 1972) . When growing in neutral or alkaline soils, bareroot seedlings can exhibit Fe deficiency since the ion occurs mostly in the oxidized form (Fe+++) which some consider biologically inactive. In very acid soils, Fe deficiency is rare since Fe occurs in the ferrous (Fe++) form. Although seedlings deficient in Fe have lower chlorophyl concentrations, chlorotic needles typically have high concentrations of inactive Fe. Details about the role ofFe in plants and the role of soil pH in Fe solubility have been re-  \nviewed previously (Abadía 1992, Barker and Stratton 2015, Brown 1961, Chen and Barak 1982, Korcak 1987, Landis 1988, Mortvedt 1991, Wallace 1962) . Visual deficiency symptoms include chlorosis of newly formed needles or leaves. For hardwoods, the veins in the leaves often remain green. Photos illustrating Fe deficiency symptoms on various species have been published (table 1) .  \nFe has been applied to chlorotic bareroot seedlings for more than 100 years (Korstian et al. 1921) . Some nursery managers routinely apply Fe to seedlings while others have not applied any Fe to bareroot seedlings this century (figure 1) .  \nAlthough greenhouse trials demonstrate that Fe is an essential element (Howell 1932, Lyle 1969, Nelson and Selby 1974, Pessin 1937), the information is often of no practical use for bareroot nursery managers. For example, a 0.072 millimolar Fe solution applied to seedlings ina greenhouse does not inform growers if an Fe chelate product will reduce chlorosis in bareroot seedbeds (El-Jendoubi et al. 2011, Whittier 2018) . Unfortunately, empirical trials with Fe in bareroot nurseries are rare. Although many questions remain unanswered, the goal of this paper is to provide some practical information and observations.[Abbreviations: Al = aluminum. AN = ammonium nitrate. AS = ammonium sulfate. ATS = ammonium thiosulfate. Ca = calcium. Cl = chloride. Cu = copper. EDTA = ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. EDDHA = ethylendiaminedi (o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid. DTPA = Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. Fe = iron. FeSO4 = ferrous sulfate. HEDTA = N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid. K = potassium. LSD05 = Least significant difference, α= 0.05. Mg = magnesium. Mn = manganese. N = nitrogen. P = phosphorus. ppm = parts per million. S = sulfur. UAN = urea ammonium nitrate. Soil pH was measured in water.]  \n88 Tree Planters’ Notes  \nTable 1. Scientific and common names of selected species mentioned in this article. References listed provide photographs of Fe deficiencies.  \n\n|","cbCaic893YMFu1A4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaic893YMFu1A4","pdf",893895,1,20,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Iron (Fe) forms and soil pH effects\n## Chlorosis symptoms and plant response\n## Practical limitations of greenhouse Fe studies\n# 20th Century Practices\n## Causes of chlorotic seedlings","[{\"question\":\"Why does liming seedbeds sometimes lead to chlorosis in bareroot seedlings?\",\"answer\":\"Liming can cause “lime-induced” chlorosis by contributing to iron deficiency, even when it raises soil pH toward ranges some guidelines favor for seedling growth.\"},{\"question\":\"What conditions are commonly associated with iron-deficiency chlorosis in bareroot nurseries?\",\"answer\":\"Iron deficiency is often linked to “summer chlorosis” and “nitrate-induced” chlorosis, and chlorotic foliage reflects reduced effective iron availability under certain pH and fertility conditions.\"},{\"question\":\"How have iron-deficiency problems declined at many southern bareroot nurseries?\",\"answer\":\"Many nurseries reduced soil acidity effects by lowering seedbed soil pH below about 5.6, decreased nitrate application by over 55%, and used July irrigation to cool seedbeds.\"}]","Iron Fertilization in Bareroot Nursery Seedbeds | 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does liming seedbeds sometimes lead to chlorosis in bareroot seedlings?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"Liming can cause “lime-induced” chlorosis by contributing to iron deficiency, even when it raises soil pH toward ranges some guidelines favor for seedling growth.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What conditions are commonly associated with iron-deficiency chlorosis in bareroot nurseries?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"Iron deficiency is often linked to “summer chlorosis” and “nitrate-induced” chlorosis, and chlorotic foliage reflects reduced effective iron availability under certain pH and fertility conditions.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"How have iron-deficiency problems declined at many southern bareroot nurseries?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Many nurseries reduced soil acidity effects by lowering seedbed soil pH below about 5.6, decreased nitrate application by over 55%, and used July irrigation to cool 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