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UNIVERSITYLIBRARY\n\nPRESENTED BY  \nPROFESSOR DAVID MACMILLAN  \n# IRON AND STEEL\n\nOther titles in AUSTRALIAN LANDMARKS are:—  \nTHE ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS  \nTHE SYDNEY GAZETTE  \nENTER THE SQUATTER  \nFENCING AUSTRALIA  \nAUSTRALIA'S FIRST ARCHITECT—FRANCIS GREENWAY  \nENTER THE MERCHANT  \nTALL SHIPS AND STEAMBOATS  \nEXPLORING THE AIR  \nSQUATTER AND SELECTOR AT TONGALA  \nTHE AUSTRALIAN BROADCASTING COMMISSION一  \nA NATIONAL SERVICE  \nw.G.SPENCE AND THE RISE OF THE TRADE UNIONS  \n# IRON AND STEEL\n\nbyDAVID S.M ACMILLAN  \nIllustrated byWILLIAM MAHONY  \nLONGMANS  \n171945  \nLONGM AN S,GRE EN AND co LTDRailway Crescent,Croydon,Victoria,AustraliaAssociated companies,branches and representativesthroughout the world  \nFirst published 1964  \nRegistered in Australia for transmission by post as a book.Wholly set up and printed in Australia byNEW CENTURY PREss PTY.LTD.,3-5 North York St.,Sydney.  \nCONTENTS  \nPAGE  \nINTRODUCTION ..6  \n1 THE YEARS OF SCARCITY  \n7  \n2 USING IMPORTED IRON  \n15  \n3 THE FIRST AUSTRALIAN IRON一THE MITTAGONG FOUNDRY..22  \n4 WILLIAM SANDFORD,IRONMASTER,LITHGOW  \n30  \n40  \n5 THE MOVE TO THE COAST  \n47  \n6 FROM SILVER TO STEEL  \n7 AUSTRALIA'S MODERN STEEL INDUSTRY53SOURCESRESEARCH AND PROJECT55  \nThomas J.Bata LibraryTRENT UNIVERSITYPETEPSORO!CHONTARIO  \n# INTRODUCTION\n\nThis is the story of how a struggling little settle-ment,starved of supplies and desperately in need ofiron and steel,gradually came to be one of the fore-most steel-producing nations in the world.  \nChapter One describes the difficulties faced bythe first Governors in obtaining iron,and shows hownecessary it was for the development of the country.It also tells of the earliest discoveries of iron-ore,andthe high hopes that resulted.  \nChapter Two tells how the Australian colonieswent on using imported iron and how manufacturingand engineering grew up,based on this iron fromoverseas.Chapter Three deals with the first Aus-tralian attempt to smelt iron,at Mittagong,andChapter Four describes the Lithgow experiment,andthe growth of the industry there under Sandford andthe Hoskins.Chapter Five shows why the iron andsteel industry came to be located on the coast ratherthan at inland centres like Mittagong and Lithgow.Chapter Six and Seven tell how the Broken HillCompany became a great maker of iron and steel,and how the industry grew steadily from 1915 on-wards,until today it makes millions of tons of ironand steel each year and even exports some of itsproducts to other countries.The changes and im-provements in iron and steel-making are tracedthroughout these chapters.  \nThe illustrations are based on old photographsand engravings of the time,as well as on modernphotographs.  \n1.THE YEARS OF SCARCITY  \nIn the month of November,1796,Captain John Hunter,Royal Navy,Governor of the new penal colony of New SouthWales,took up his quill pen and set down a letter to Under-Secretary King in far-off London.Many were his complaints,and he wrote of the difficulties that beset him.Among themost serious of these was lack of iron and steel—the metalsthat could not be done without.To the struggling little settle-ment,iron and steel,needed for a hundred essential purposes,were more valuable than gold or silver,as Governor Hunterhad good reason to know.He wrote,“We are getting very shortof iron and steel,for we have needed to manufacture all thetools we required on the public works,and we are very de-ficient in every kind of implement,either for agriculture orfor craftsmen.We have scarcely as many nails as will com-plete the buildings we are endeavouring to raise”.  \nRight from the time that the idea of forming a colony inAustralia was put forward,the British Government made itclear that the settlement should be run as cheaply as possible.The convicts would provide the labour,and if conditionswere hard because of lack of supplies,so much the better.After all,this was to be a penal colony,for the punis","cbCaifOpk2jGhlOh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifOpk2jGhlOh","pdf",3799253,"English","# INTRODUCTION\n## 1 THE YEARS OF SCARCITY\n## 2 USING IMPORTED IRON\n## 3 THE FIRST AUSTRALIAN IRON - THE MITTAGONG FOUNDRY\n## 4 WILLIAM SANDFORD, IRONMASTER, LITHGOW\n## 5 THE MOVE TO THE COAST\n## 6 FROM SILVER TO STEEL\n## 7 AUSTRALIA'S MODERN STEEL INDUSTRY\n## SOURCES","[{\"question\":\"What central problem does the introduction highlight about early Australia?\",\"answer\":\"The introduction emphasizes a severe lack of iron and steel, which the colony needed for tools, nails, implements, and public works.\"},{\"question\":\"How did Captain John Hunter describe the impact of iron and steel shortages?\",\"answer\":\"He reported they were running very short of iron and steel and lacked implement supplies for agriculture and craftsmen, even to the point of insufficient nails to complete buildings.\"},{\"question\":\"What does Chapter One focus on?\",\"answer\":\"Chapter One describes the difficulties faced by the first governors in obtaining iron, early discoveries of iron-ore, and the expectations those discoveries created.\"}]","IRON AND STEEL - Introduction - Chapter 1 The Years of Scarcity | PDF",1791872634,92]