[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-45854-en":3,"doc-seo-45854-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},45854,8796095461610,"Oliver","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","Iron Age in Southeast Asia","Iron Age in Southeast Asia is examined through two regional perspectives: mainland Southeast Asia and island Southeast Asia. For the mainland, evidence from Vietnam, Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia is synthesized, while regions lacking sufficient data are excluded. The study defines the Iron Age by iron artefacts alongside wet-rice farming, dynamic exchange, external trade, and (at least in lowlands) ranked societies. The work highlights cultural zones in Vietnam and discusses competing interpretations of iron’s origins and chronology, including limited scholarly agreement.","Basa  \nIRON AGE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA   \nKishor K. Basa. K.K.B. Oept. of Anthropology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India (Institute of Archaeology, 1986-90)  \nIn this paper, I shall discuss the issue of the Iron Age in Southeast Asia under two headings-mainland Southeast Asia and island Southeast Asia. On the mainland, I shall discuss the evidence from Vietnani, Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, but exclude Burma, Laos and Kampuchea for lack of relevant data. In the islands, I will discuss Indonesia, Sabah, Sarawak and the Philippines. I would argue that the Iron Age as a separate cultural entity is evident on the mainland, but in the islands there is no identifiable Bronze Age preceding the adoption of iron. By the Iron Age, I mean a period associated with iron artefacts, wet rice farming, brisk internal exchange and external trade and, in the lowland at least, a ranked society. This corresponds roughly to the General Period C of Bayard (l 984b, 163, see also Higham and Kijngam 1984, 13-21) . But two points should be made about this scheme:  \n1-This is a heuristic device, so all sites in Southeast Asia can not be easily fitted into it.  \n2 - There is as yet no general agreement among scholars regarding the chronology of various periods.  \nThe Iron Age in mainland Southeast Asia Vietnam  \nFor Vietnam, Chinese sources generally associate iron with the Chinese annexation of Giao-chi in 111 BC and with the Han Chinese tombs in North Vietnam. However documentary evidence for iron in \"Nam-Viet\" is known from the 3rd century BC (Davidson 1979, 112) . Archaeologically, the iron artefacts are found in two distinct cultural zones, (a) in association with the classic Dongson Culture of the north and (b) in the Sa Huynh Culture in Central and South Vietnam.  \nThe Dongson Culture, named after the site of Dongson on the Song Ma river in Than Hoa province, came to light through the excavations of Pajot in the 1920's and lanse in the 1930's (Janse 1958; Solheim 1990) . It is well known for its bronze drums, and the rich, high status burials. The first appearance of iron came in the Dongson sequence, and at Go Chien Vay (Ha Son Binh Province) . It is dated to 400 ± 100 BC (Bln-893) (Ha Van Tan 1980, 131) . Iron was rare in the Dongson culture which included some bimetallic spears with iron blades and bronze hilts and what is claimed to be a cast iron hoe (for a brief discussion of different views on the origin of the Dongson Culture in Vietnam, see Davidson 1979, Ha Van Tan 1980, 128-34, Solheim 1990) . However, it is argued by Vietnamese archaeologists that the classic Dongson marked the culmination of a process of indigenous evolution of bronze craftsmanship in Vietnam that  began in the Phung Nguyen period from about the first half of the 2nd millennium BC and went through the Dong Dau and the Go Mun periods (Ha Van Tan 1980, Hoang Xuan Chinh and Bui Van Tien 1983, 56-9) . But this does not explain the appearance of iron artefacts in some (but not all) Dongson sites,because the evidence is meagre and the Dongson Culture was clearly in contact with South  \nPIA 2 199}  \nChina (Bellwood 1985, 274-5; Higham 1988, 145, 1989, 198; Murowchick 1988, 184) . Bellwood (1985, 275) suggests that the limited iron industry of the Dongson Culture could have an immediate Chinese origin. The possibility of an Indian source is ruled out because of the lack of other evidence for Indian contacts at this time and the differences between the specific forms of the artefacts. Dongson iron tools seem to be mainly socketed, or even bimetallic types which are unknown in contemporary India.  \nThere is more evidence of iron in the Sa Huynh Culture. The type site Sa Huynh is in Quang-Ngai province on the coast of Central Vietnam. First discovered by Vinet in 1909 (for a history of the site see Solheim 1961), this culture was associated with the jar burials, iron tools, ornaments, ear pendants, glass, agate and carnelian beads and pearls (Parmentier 1918; Saurin 1963; Tri","cbCailgMZEJxZcua","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailgMZEJxZcua","pdf",263987,4,1,13,"English","en",105,"# Mainland Southeast Asia\n## Vietnam\n## Iron Age definitions and framework\n## Cultural zones and evidence of iron\n## Sa Huynh Culture\n## Radiocarbon dates and chronology\n# Island Southeast Asia\n## Regional contrast and bronze-to-iron development","[{\"question\":\"How does the paper define the Iron Age in Southeast Asia?\",\"answer\":\"The Iron Age is defined as a period associated with iron artefacts together with wet-rice farming, active internal exchange, external trade, and—at least in lowland areas—a ranked society.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the author exclude some mainland regions from the discussion?\",\"answer\":\"Burma, Laos and Kampuchea are excluded due to lack of relevant data for the purposes of this comparison.\"},{\"question\":\"What archaeological evidence in Vietnam is used to discuss the arrival of iron?\",\"answer\":\"Iron artefacts in Vietnam are presented as appearing in two distinct cultural zones: association with the classic Dongson Culture in the north, and with the Sa Huynh Culture in central and southern Vietnam, supported by artefact typology and available radiocarbon dates.\"}]",1783467452,33,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"iron-age-in-southeast-asia","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/iron-age-in-southeast-asia/45854/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-20","2026-07-07",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"How does the paper define the Iron Age in Southeast Asia?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The Iron Age is defined as a period associated with iron artefacts together with wet-rice farming, active internal exchange, external trade, and—at least in lowland areas—a ranked society.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Why does the author exclude some mainland regions from the discussion?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Burma, Laos and Kampuchea are excluded due to lack of relevant data for the purposes of this comparison.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What archaeological evidence in Vietnam is used to discuss the arrival of iron?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Iron artefacts in Vietnam are presented as appearing in two distinct cultural zones: association with the classic Dongson Culture in the north, and with the Sa Huynh Culture in central and southern Vietnam, supported by artefact typology and available radiocarbon 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