[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-52099-en":3,"doc-seo-52099-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},52099,8796095462418,"Noah","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80000253c1241d02b47?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778826106357471780",8,"Research & Report","IoT Authentication Protocols Classification, Trend and Opportunities","This survey-tutorial paper reviews Internet of Things (IoT) authentication protocols through three perspectives: protocol classifications and their limitations, current research trends, and future opportunities. It examines how authentication protocols secure IoT communications and protect both transmitted and received data, then discusses emerging approaches such as blockchain-based and machine-learning-aided authentication. It also outlines human-centric authentication design and improved platform interoperability, ending with insights for researchers on trends, challenges, and recommendations for stronger IoT security.","IoT Authentication Protocols: Classification, Trend and Opportunities  \nAmar N. Alsheavi , Ammar Hawbani , Xingfu Wang , Wajdy Othman , Liang Zhao , Member, IEEE, Zhi Liu , Senior Member, IEEE, Saeed Hamood Alsamhi, and Mohammed A. A. Al-Qaness   \n(Survey-Tutorial Paper)  \nAbstract—This paper reviews three main aspects of authentication protocols of Internet of Things (IoT): classifications and limitations, current trends, and opportunities. First, we explore the significance of IoT authentication protocols in ensuring secure communication and the protection of transmitted and received data, focusing on the classifications and associated limitations. Second, we discuss the latest developments and trends, such as using blockchain technology and machine learning to enhance authentication protocols. Third, we highlight the future opportunities, including the development of human-centric authentication designs and improved platform interoperability. At the end of this paper, we provided some insights gained for the new researcher, offering analyses of the trends and challenges in this field, giving recommendations for improving IoT authentication protocols, and emphasizing the need for further research and cooperation to develop advanced security solutions.  \nIndex Terms—Authentication protocols, biometric authentication, blockchain technology in IoT, Internet of Things (IoT), IoT authentication, IoT device security, machine learning in authentication, smart home security.  \nReceived 7 March 2024; revised 19 August 2024; accepted 1 November 2024 . Date of publication 6 November 2024; date of current version 5 June 2025 . This work was supported in part by the Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine under Grant ZYYCXTD-D-202208, in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62372310, in part by the Liaoning Province Applied Basic Research Program under Grant 2023JH2/101300194 . The work of Saeed Hamood Alsamhi was supported by research conducted with the financial support of Science Foundation Ireland under Grant SFI/12/RC/2289_P2 . Recommended for acceptance by R. Chbeir. (Corresponding authors: Ammar Hawbani; Xingfu Wang.)  \nAmarN. Alsheavi and Xingfu Wang are with the School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China (e-mail: [ammarnabil23050@gmail.com](ammarnabil23050@gmail.com); [wangxfu@ustc.edu.cn](wangxfu@ustc.edu.cn)).  \nAmmar Hawbani and Liang Zhao are with the School of Computer Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China (e-mail: anmande @[ustc.edu.cn](ustc.edu.cn); [lzhao@sau.edu.cn](lzhao@sau.edu.cn)) .  \nWajdy Othmanis with the Haihe Lab of ITAI, Tianjin 300041, China, and also with the College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300459, China ([e-mail: wajdy@mail.ustc.edu.cn](e-mail: wajdy@mail.ustc.edu.cn)).  \nZhi Liu is with the Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan (e-mail: liu @[ieee.org](ieee.org)).  \nSaeed Hamood Alsamhi is with the Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland, and also with the Faculty of Engineering, IBB University, Ibb 11712, Yemen (e-mail: saeed.alsamhi @[insight-centre.org](insight-centre.org)).  \nMohammed A. A. Al-Qaness is with the College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China, and also with Zhejiang Institute of Optoelectronics, Jinhua 321004, China (e-mail: [alqaness@zjnu.edu.cn](alqaness@zjnu.edu.cn)).  \nDigital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSUSC.2024.3492152  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nN TODAY’S world, marked by rapid technological progress  \nand compleximportant foutech syndationstems,of thistternetncemeonft TThhiigic(IoTredi)bilse technology enables the connection of a wide range of devices to the internet, from small and mobile smart devices to l","cbCailjufNZsgSKc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailjufNZsgSKc","pdf",5197504,1,19,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Importance of authentication in IoT\n# Authentication protocol classifications\n## Password-based, certificate-based, biometric, and multi-factor methods\n# Current trends and limitations\n## Blockchain and machine learning for authentication\n# Future opportunities\n## Human-centric design and platform interoperability","[{\"question\":\"What role do authentication protocols play in IoT security?\",\"answer\":\"Authentication protocols verify device identity and validate the exchanged data, forming a protective barrier against cyber attacks and unauthorized manipulation. They also help prevent information leaks and improve trust across interconnected devices.\"},{\"question\":\"Which authentication protocol types are discussed in the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The paper focuses on password-based authentication, digital-certificate authentication, biometric authentication, two-factor authentication, and multi-factor authentication, analyzing how each class addresses security needs in IoT.\"},{\"question\":\"What major trends and technologies are highlighted for improving IoT authentication?\",\"answer\":\"The paper highlights the use of blockchain technology and machine learning to enhance authentication protocols. 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