[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-445498-105":59,"doc-detail-445498-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","ionomers-modulate-the-microenvironment-in-electrocatalytic-co2-reduction","Ionomers modulate the microenvironment in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction","","The review addresses how ionomers improve electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2 RR) by modulating the reaction microenvironment. It outlines key components and influencing factors of the microenvironment and explains the functional mechanisms of commonly used ionomers. The discussion covers effects on CO2 mass transport, stabilization and diffusion of intermediates, surface ion species and concentrations (pH, K+ distribution, interfacial electric field), catalyst morphology and hydrophobicity, and interfacial water structures. It concludes with practical challenges, feasible solutions, and future research directions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ionomers-modulate-the-microenvironment-in-electrocatalytic-co2-reduction/445498/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ionomers-modulate-the-microenvironment-in-electrocatalytic-co2-reduction/445498.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Patrick","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-03","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is microenvironment modulation important in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Because the microenvironment at catalyst and interface regions strongly governs catalytic activity, selectivity, stability, and energy efficiency, making targeted modulation crucial for performance.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do ionomers influence the CO2 reduction microenvironment?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"By being introduced into catalyst layers, ionomers enable precise control of microenvironment properties at the catalyst surface through their structural features, which enhances overall CO2 RR performance.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What microenvironment aspects are covered in the review?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review systematically discusses CO2 mass transport, stabilization and diffusion of intermediates, surface ion species and concentrations (including pH, K+ distribution, and interfacial electric field), catalyst morphology and hydrophobicity, and structures of interfacial water.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},445498,1790763639,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},549758146520,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80002397d8c0411e94?_k=1775819394049821470","Chemical Science  \nREVIEW  \nCite this: DOI: 10 .1039/d5sc07515g  \nReceived 27th September 2025  \nAccepted 20th November 2025 DOI: 10.1039/d5sc07515g[rsc.li/chemical-science](rsc.li/chemical-science)  \nIonomers modulate the microenvironment in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction  \nSunhong Ruan,* Gangjun Tang, Zhiming Zhang, Qinghong Zhang,* Ye Wang  * and Shunji Xie  *  \nThe global shift toward a low-carbon society has accelerated the development of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) technology, which shows great potential in simultaneously addressing environmental pollution and energy crises. In the CO2 RR system, microenvironment modulation caneffectively enhance catalytic activity, product selectivity, operational stability, and energy efficiency. The introduction of ionomers into catalyst layers enables precise control of the microenvironment at the catalyst surface through their unique structural properties, significantly improving CO2 RR performance. In this review, we first provide a concise overview of the key components and main influencing factors of the reaction microenvironment and the structures together with the functional mechanisms of commonly used ionomers. We then systematically discuss how various ionomers modulate the microenvironment, including their effects on CO2 mass transport, stabilization and diffusion of intermediates, ion species and concentrations at the surface (affecting the pH, K+ distribution and interfacial electric field), surface morphology and hydrophobicity of catalysts, and structures of interfacial water. Finally, we present a comprehensive summary that identifies current practical challenges of ionomer applications from multiple perspectives while proposing feasible solutions and outlining future research directions for this field.  \n1. Introduction  \nExcessive global CO2 emissions have spurred the rapid development of CO2 conversion and utilization technologies. The  \nState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China. E-mail:  \n[zhangqh@xmu.edu.cn](zhangqh@xmu.edu.cn); [wangye@xmu.edu.cn](wangye@xmu.edu.cn); shunj[i_xie@xmu.edu.cn](i_xie@xmu.edu.cn)  \nelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has emerged asa promising technology capable of converting CO2 into highvalue-added products, contributing to a low-carbon environment.1–3 Over the past decade, this 􀀁eld has evolved from prevalent catalyst designs, such as metal catalysts, dual-  \nSunhong Ruan received his BSc degree from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 2017 and obtained his PhD degree from Xiamen University in 2024. He is now working in Prof. Ye Wang's group as a postdoctoral fellow at College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Xiamen University (China). His research interest lies in the design of highly efficient electrocatalysts and anion exchange membranes for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction.  \nQinghong Zhang  \nQinghong Zhang received her BSc and MSc degrees from Nanjing University in 1989 and 1992 and obtained her PhD degree from Hiroshima University of Japan in 2002. She joined Xiamen University in October 2002 and was promoted to a full professor in 2010. Her research interests include the synthesis and characterizations of novel materials with advanced catalytic properties.  \n© 2025 The Author(s) . Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry Chem. Sci.  \nChemical Science Review  \nmetal catalysts, single-atom catalysts, and diatomic catalysts, to comprehensive optimization of entire system components forefficient and stable operation.4–14 These advancements include improvements in electrolyzers from single-chamber cells to Hcells, solid oxide cells with perovskite-based fuel electrodes,􀀃ow cells and membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) with ","cbCaikPCe7iZYRQM","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikPCe7iZYRQM","pdf",5113620,22,"English","# Ionomers modulate the microenvironment in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction\n# 1. Introduction\n## Global context of CO2 emissions and CO2 conversion\n## Evolution of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction systems","[{\"question\":\"Why is microenvironment modulation important in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction?\",\"answer\":\"Because the microenvironment at catalyst and interface regions strongly governs catalytic activity, selectivity, stability, and energy efficiency, making targeted modulation crucial for performance.\"},{\"question\":\"How do ionomers influence the CO2 reduction microenvironment?\",\"answer\":\"By being introduced into catalyst layers, ionomers enable precise control of microenvironment properties at the catalyst surface through their structural features, which enhances overall CO2 RR performance.\"},{\"question\":\"What microenvironment aspects are covered in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review systematically discusses CO2 mass transport, stabilization and diffusion of intermediates, surface ion species and concentrations (including pH, K+ distribution, and interfacial electric field), catalyst morphology and hydrophobicity, and structures of interfacial water.\"}]","Ionomers modulate the microenvironment in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction | PDF",1790712283,55]