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This study tests three RTM treatments over Kalimantan, Indonesia and evaluates them with GNSS-levelling, spatial comparisons, and latitudinal transects.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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\n[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-026-02277-6](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-026-02277-6)  \nRESEARCH  \nInvestigations of residual terrain model effects on geoid modelling in Kalimantan, Indonesia  \nArisauna Maulidyan Pahlevi1,5 · Brian Bramanto2,3,4 · Dudy Darmawan Wijaya2 · Dina Anggreni Sarsito2 · Harka Amrosalma5 · Rafly Maharazi1 · M. Angga Hadi Pratama1 · Agustina Nur Syafarianty5,6 · Widy Putra5 · Ridho Illahi5 · Bayu Triyogo Widyantoro5  \nReceived: 19 July 2026 / Accepted: 13 October 2026  \n© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026  \nAbstract  \nThe geoid is the fundamental physical reference surface for height systems and is essential for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) height transformation and vertical datum realization. Residual Terrain Modelling (RTM) is widely applied within the Remove Compute Restore (RCR) framework to represent short-wavelength gravity signals, yet its influence on regional geoid modelling remains difficult to evaluate because conventional GNSS-levelling validation often shows only minor differences between models. This study investigates the effect of three RTM treatments in regional geoid modelling over Kalimantan, Indonesia: (1) RTM Land-Sea with Residual Elevation Terrain (RET),(2) RTM Land Only, and (3) No RTM. The resulting geoid models were evaluated using GNSS-levelling, spatial comparisons between solutions, and latitudinal transects. All three models achieved comparable validation accuracies, with residual standard deviations of approximately 5 cm after datum fitting and outlier removal. However, spatial analyses revealed local geoid differences exceeding 10 cm and reaching approximately 30 cm in areas of pronounced topographic and bathymetric variability, particularly along the coast. The marine RTM contribution decays systematically inland, with effects exceeding 1 mm remaining detectable to approximately 45 km under the adopted modelling configuration. An additional reference-surface sensitivity analysis showed that the RTM gravity correction remained highly consistent when an explicitly band-limited RET2014 reference surface was adopted. These results demonstrate that RTM has little influence on overall validation statistics but produces measurable local variations that are not captured by GNSS-levelling alone. The study highlights the importance of complementary spatial analyses for evaluating RTM effects in high-resolution regional geoid modelling.  \nKeywords Geoid modelling · Residual terrain modelling · Coastal geoid variability · GNSS-levelling · Kalimantan  \n Brian Bramanto [brian.bramanto@itb.ac.id](brian.bramanto@itb.ac.id)  \n1 Graduate Program in Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Labtek XVII, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, West Java 40132, Indonesia  \n2 Geodetic Science, Engineering, and Innovation Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Labtek IXC, Jl. Ganesha  \n10, Bandung, West Java 40132, Indonesia  \n3 University Center of Excellence for Space Science, Technology and Innovation, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, West Java 40132, Indonesia  \n4 Center for Analysis and Applying Geospatial Information, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40135, West Java, Indonesia  \n5 Directorate for Geospatial Reference System, Geospatial Information Agency of Indonesia (BIG), Jl. Raya JakartaBogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia  \n6 Graduate Program in Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, D-80333 Munich, Germany  \nIntroduction  \nThe geoid provides the fundamental physical reference surface for height systems and underpins a wide range of geospatial applications, including vertical datum realization, GNSS height conversion, coastal management, and hydrological modelling (Heiskanen and Moritz 1967; Torge and Müller 2012; Sansò and Sideris 2013a) . Regional gravimetric ","cbCaivksErPHvfyL","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivksErPHvfyL","pdf",9728387,28,"English","# Introduction\n## Residual terrain modelling in the RCR framework\n## Prior research and methodological developments\n## Practical implementation gaps\n# Abstract\n## Study design and RTM treatments\n## Validation approach and findings","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of using RTM in regional geoid modelling within the RCR framework?\",\"answer\":\"RTM models short-wavelength gravity effects from residual topographic masses by removing residual terrain gravity before computation and restoring it afterward, improving spectral consistency and reducing aliasing from unresolved terrain signals.\"},{\"question\":\"How many RTM treatments were evaluated in the study and what were they?\",\"answer\":\"Three treatments were evaluated: (1) RTM Land-Sea with Residual Elevation Terrain (RET), (2) RTM Land Only, and (3) No RTM.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the validation results show regarding overall accuracy versus local differences?\",\"answer\":\"All three models achieved comparable validation accuracies with residual standard deviations around 5 cm after datum fitting and outlier removal, but spatial analyses revealed local geoid differences exceeding 10 cm up to about 30 cm, especially near the coast.\"}]","Investigations of residual terrain model effects on geoid modelling in Kalimantan, Indonesia - Research | PDF",71]