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Smart meters now enable extensive measurement and historical records for feeders and consumers. This study models ten Raparin substation feeders and analyzes voltage profiles and active/reactive losses using ETAP across maximum and minimum load periods.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/investigation-of-voltage-profiles-and-power-losses-in-radial-distribution-feeders-based-on-smart-meter-data-raparin-substation-as-a-case-study/324424/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/investigation-of-voltage-profiles-and-power-losses-in-radial-distribution-feeders-based-on-smart-meter-data-raparin-substation-as-a-case-study/324424.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Patrick","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",9,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why are distribution feeder studies important for power delivery?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Distribution networks deliver power to consumers and contribute to a significant portion of power outages. Improving power quality and reliability requires analyzing losses, voltage profiles, and loading conditions.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the study use smart meter data for feeder analysis?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Ten Raparin substation feeders are studied using smart meters installed for transformers and consumers, providing historical measurements needed to evaluate voltage profiles and power losses.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What methodology and software are used to evaluate voltage profiles and losses?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"ETAP software is used to model and simulate each feeder during maximum and minimum load periods. Power flow at maximum load identifies active/reactive losses and voltage profiles at branches and nodes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},324424,1790398359,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":55,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},549758146520,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80002397d8c0411e94?_k=1775819394049821470","Investigation of Voltage Profiles and Power Losses in Radial Distribution Feeders Based on Smart Meter Data (Raparin Substation as a Case Study)  \nChra Fariq Raouf1*, Asso Raouf Majeed1  \n1Department of Electrical, College of Engineering, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.  \nReceived 19 January 2023; revised 26 February 2023;  \naccepted 1 March 2023; available online 6 March 2023  \nDOI: 10.24271/PSR.2023.382269.1235  \nABSTRACT  \nIn modern societies, electric energy usage has become an essential need in daily life. As a result, the number of customers and their appliances increases continuously, and the load (stress) on the distribution feeders increases accordingly. The distribution feeder is the final stage that delivers energy to the customers directly and contributes to about eighty percent of the power outages to the customers. Previously, conducting studies on distribution networks was difficult because of the difficulty in collecting data and sometimes due to the unavailability of accurate data. Nowadays, emerging smart meters (SM) in distribution networks provide a great opportunity to collect the data required for such studies.  \nIn this study, the data was collected for ten feeders ofthe Raparin substation as a case study since they are provided with smart meters for the transformers and all the consumers. These feeders consist of 156 branches and 331 nodes. To deliver good power to the customers and obtain their satisfaction, it is necessary to monitor and control the operation of the distribution feeders.  \nModeling and simulation for each feeder with different case studies are achieved during maximum and minimum load periods using ETAB software. Power flow using ETAB at maximum load is performed in order to find active and reactive losses with voltage profilesin each branch and at each node. At the same time, the power flow during minimum load is necessary to monitor the increase in voltage level so as that avoid undesirable events.  \n[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)  \nKeywords: Radial distribution feeder, Smart meters, Transformer loading, Capacitor bank.  \n1. Introduction  \nPower system generally consists of three main stages: generation, transmission, and finally, distribution. Distribution networks are responsible for delivering power to the consumers, and they are of two types which are radial and ring. The first one delivers power from one source only, and the power flows in one direction. Although it is simple in design and has low initial and operation costs, it is less reliable because when a fault occurs atthe beginning of the main feeder, then all the customers will be interrupted. However, the second type possesses a higher degree of reliability because, in the case of any failure, the deteriorated consumers are fed from another source [1] .  \nPower flow is considered one among several useful studies that are used in deciding the system's status under a steady state and the given load condition[2] .  \nPower flow is essential in system design and future expansion as it gives detailed information about losses, voltage drop, current  \n* Corresponding author  \nE-mail address: [chra.rauf@univsul.edu.iq](chra.rauf@univsul.edu.iq) (Instructor).  \nPeer-reviewed under the responsibility of the University of Garmian.  \nin each branch, and voltage magnitude and its angle at each bus. The conventional algorithms used to perform load flow study are[3] :  \n• Gauss seidel  \n• Newton Raphson  \n• Fast decoupled method  \nAfter many studies, researchers found that these algorithms do not suit distribution networks in terms of robustness, performance, and efficiency. For this reason, other methods have been discovered, such as the ladder technique, which is specifically designed for a radial system [4] .  \nFor this study, two inputs are required, which are line (branches) and bus data (transformer nodes) . Bus data is conventionally ","cbCaimEj6XbGUYrx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimEj6XbGUYrx","pdf",727790,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n## Power system stages and feeder types\n## Power flow and load flow algorithms\n## Role of smart meters in distribution networks","[{\"question\":\"Why are distribution feeder studies important for power delivery?\",\"answer\":\"Distribution networks deliver power to consumers and contribute to a significant portion of power outages. Improving power quality and reliability requires analyzing losses, voltage profiles, and loading conditions.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study use smart meter data for feeder analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Ten Raparin substation feeders are studied using smart meters installed for transformers and consumers, providing historical measurements needed to evaluate voltage profiles and power losses.\"},{\"question\":\"What methodology and software are used to evaluate voltage profiles and losses?\",\"answer\":\"ETAP software is used to model and simulate each feeder during maximum and minimum load periods. Power flow at maximum load identifies active/reactive losses and voltage profiles at branches and nodes.\"}]","Investigation of Voltage Profiles and Power Losses in Radial Distribution Feeders Based on Smart Meter Data - Raparin Substation as a Case Study | PDF",1789967896,23]