[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-594627-105":59,"doc-detail-594627-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","investigation-of-macrophage-differentiation-and-cytokine-production-in-an-undergraduate-immunology-laboratory","Investigation of Macrophage Differentiation and Cytokine Production in an Undergraduate Immunology Laboratory","","A semester-long undergraduate immunology laboratory project is developed to train students in macrophage biology through differentiation, activation, phenotyping, and cytokine readouts. Students generate bone marrow-derived macrophages, assess myeloid cell surface markers using low-cost image cytometry, and conduct literature-informed experiments testing natural anti-inflammatory compounds on TNF-α production. The soup-to-nuts design builds ownership by linking hematopoiesis and TLR signaling to functional cytokine outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/investigation-of-macrophage-differentiation-and-cytokine-production-in-an-undergraduate-immunology-laboratory/594627/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/investigation-of-macrophage-differentiation-and-cytokine-production-in-an-undergraduate-immunology-laboratory/594627.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ben ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-20","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What learning objectives does the semester-long immunology lab emphasize for students?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The project targets multiple macrophage biology concepts, including differentiation from progenitors, activation by microbial ligands, expression of cell surface markers, and modulation of cytokine production.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do students measure myeloid marker expression in this laboratory course?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Students perform immunophenotyping on their macrophages using myeloid markers, quantified and visualized with a low-cost image cytometer.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is the main experimental focus related to cytokine production?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Students use literature research to design experiments evaluating how natural anti-inflammatory compounds affect TNF-α production in the macrophages.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},594627,1792475770,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46},2336478951081,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","ARTICLES  \nInvestigation of Macrophage Differentiation and Cytokine Production in an Undergraduate Immunology Laboratory  \nCharlotte Berkes1* and Leo Li-Ying Chan2  \n1Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 2Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, Lawrence, MA  \n*[Corresponding author:](Corresponding author: berkesc@merrimack.edu)[ ](Corresponding author: berkesc@merrimack.edu)[berkesc@merrimack.edu](Corresponding author: berkesc@merrimack.edu)  \nAbstract: We have developed a semester-long laboratory project for an undergraduate immunology course in which students study multiple aspects of macrophage biology including differentiation from progenitors in the bone marrow, activation upon stimulation with microbial ligands, expression of cell surface markers, and modulation of cytokine production. In the first part of the semester, students differentiate macrophages from mouse bone marrow stem cells and perform immunophenotyping on their macrophages using myeloid markers that are either constitutively expressed or expressed upon activation with microbial ligands. Students use a low-cost image cytometer to both visualize and quantify cellular expression of myeloid markers. Students then perform literature research, design, and execute a series of experiments aimed at investigating the role of natural anti-inflammatory compounds on TNF-􀁄 production in these macrophages. The soup-to-nuts investigative approach in which students generate “their own” macrophages and study their functions over the course of the semester fostered a sense of ownership and accomplishment  \nKeywords: Immunology, image cytometry, macrophage, ELISA  \nINTRODUCTION  \nMacrophages are myeloid lineage professional phagocytes that play a key role as a first line of defense against invading pathogens. In addition to their immediate role in phagocytosis of microbes, macrophages express toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors that enable a powerful and exquisitely tailored cytokine response to infection. Macrophage cytokines coordinate an immune response that includes stimulation of vascular permeability and recruitment of neutrophils and other immune cells to the infection site. Along with dendritic cells, activated macrophages play an important role in antigen processing and presentation to T cells, placing them at a critical juncture between innate and adaptive immunity (Murray & Wynn, 2011) .  \nMacrophage biology can be modeled using a variety of cell culture approaches ranging from macrophage-like cell lines such as RAW 264.7 to primary resident tissue macrophages. Macrophagelike cells lines such as RAW 264.7 are robust and fairly easy to culture with minimal expertise, and in this respect, offer an attractive model for studying macrophage function. However, exclusive use of cell lines presents two major drawbacks: 1) the immortalized nature of the cells and their associated genetic abnormalities may limit conclusions that can be drawn from their use, and 2) in an undergraduate teaching laboratory, a cell line-only approach makes it all too easy for students to overlook the fact that  \nmyeloid lineage cells such as macrophages are born, differentiate, and carry out their functions in the context of a complex network of immune cells and organs in vivo. However, for the undergraduate laboratory, isolation of primary macrophages such asthioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages, splenic macrophages, and alveolar macrophages is often not realistic, especially in institutions that lack mouse facilities. Here, we propose that the generation and study of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) in the undergraduate laboratory represents a fertile middle ground between cell lines and primary cells that offers the ease of a cell line together with a higher degree of authenticity. BMDM are commonly used in research labs and are a widely accepted monocyte/macrophage model as they closely approximate the attrib","cbCaihfBPfwC3dxo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihfBPfwC3dxo","pdf",363552,"English","# Course Structure\n## Semester-long laboratory project overview\n## Macrophage differentiation and activation\n## Immunophenotyping and cytokine modulation\n## Methods, assessment, and adaptability","[{\"question\":\"What learning objectives does the semester-long immunology lab emphasize for students?\",\"answer\":\"The project targets multiple macrophage biology concepts, including differentiation from progenitors, activation by microbial ligands, expression of cell surface markers, and modulation of cytokine production.\"},{\"question\":\"How do students measure myeloid marker expression in this laboratory course?\",\"answer\":\"Students perform immunophenotyping on their macrophages using myeloid markers, quantified and visualized with a low-cost image cytometer.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main experimental focus related to cytokine production?\",\"answer\":\"Students use literature research to design experiments evaluating how natural anti-inflammatory compounds affect TNF-α production in the macrophages.\"}]","Investigation of Macrophage Differentiation and Cytokine Production in an Undergraduate Immunology Laboratory | PDF",1792079520]