[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-269394-105":59,"doc-detail-269394-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","investigating-web-content-delivery-performance-over-starlink-technical-measurement-study","Investigating Web Content Delivery Performance over Starlink - Technical measurement study","","Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite ISPs promise universal connectivity, but their impact on web content delivery is not well understood. This study provides a comprehensive measurement framework that separates Starlink web performance across Point of Presence (PoP), DNS, and CDN layers using 225K Cloudflare AIM tests, M-Lab data, and active probing from 99 RIPE Atlas nodes plus controlled Starlink probes. Findings show three latency regimes driven by infrastructure density, including large penalties from remote PoP–DNS interactions and CDN mislocalization. Using Starlink’s 2025 infrastructure expansion, the work quantifies how moving PoPs closer reduces median page-fetch times by 60%, emphasizing proximity over satellite coverage.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/investigating-web-content-delivery-performance-over-starlink-technical-measurement-study/269394/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/investigating-web-content-delivery-performance-over-starlink-technical-measurement-study/269394.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Nguyễn Văn Học","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What performance layers does the study analyze for Starlink web delivery?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It decomposes performance across Point of Presence (PoP), DNS, and CDN layers to isolate where delays are introduced.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What causes the major latency penalties in infrastructure-sparse regions?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Remote PoPs lead to distant resolver selection, which triggers CDN mislocalization and pushes latencies beyond 200 ms.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How does Starlink’s early 2025 infrastructure expansion affect page-fetch performance?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Relocating PoPs closer to users reduces median page-fetch times by 60%, showing that infrastructure proximity—not satellite coverage—drives web performance.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},269394,1789451247,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},1374402739827,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000c97e7351f1a627?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787885694763230660","Investigating Web Content Delivery Performance over Starlink  \nRohan Bose  \nTechnical University of Munich Germany  \nJinwei Zhao  \nUniversity of Victoria Canada  \nTanya Shreedhar  \nDelft University of Technology Netherlands  \nJianping Pan  \nUniversity of Victoria Canada  \nNitinder Mohan  \nDelft University of Technology Netherlands  \narXiv :2510 . 137 10v 1 [ cs .NI] 15 Oct 2025  \nAbstract  \nLow Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite ISPs promise universal Internet connectivity, yet their interaction with content delivery remains poorly understood. We present the first comprehensive measurement study decomposing Starlink’s web content delivery performance decomposed across Point of Presence (PoP), DNS, and CDN layers. Through two years of measurements combining 225 K Cloudflare AIM tests, M-Lab data, and active probing from 99 RIPE Atlas and controlled Starlink probes, we collect 6.1 M traceroutes and 10.8 M DNS queries to quantify how satellite architecture disrupts terrestrial CDN assumptions. We identify three distinct performance regimes based on infrastructure density. Regions with local content-rich PoPs achieve near-terrestrial latencies with the satellite segment dominating 80–90% of RTT. Infrastructure-sparse regions suffer cascading penalties: remote PoPs force distant resolver selection, which triggers CDN mislocalization, pushing latencies beyond 200 ms. Dense-infrastructure regions show minimal sensitivity to PoP changes. Leveraging Starlink’s infrastructure expansion in early 2025 as a natural experiment, we demonstrate that relocating PoPs closer to user location reduces median page-fetch times by 60% . Our findings reveal that infrastructure proximity, not satellite coverage, influences web performance, requiring fundamental changes to CDN mapping and DNS resolution for satellite ISPs.  \n1 Introduction  \nOver the past three decades, Internet infrastructure, technologies and use cases have evolved from interconnecting computers on a global network to a platform for content distribution. Today, roughly 5.5 billion people generate nearly 330 exabytes of traffic daily, with content delivery networks (CDNs) shouldering close to 70% of this load [12, 52] . Simultaneously, the majority of CDNdriven applications are latency-sensitive, including video streaming, online gaming, and web browsing, driving the requirement for user requests to be served by the “closest”CDN cache server with minimal latency [11] . To meet this demand cost-effectively, CDN operators deploy thousands of cache servers within major Internet service provider (ISP) networks and at metropolitan Internet exchange points (IXPs), strategically placing these servers both topologically and geographically near large user populations [20, 43, 66] . CDN providers employ various request-mapping techniques, wellstudied in the literature, to systematically steer traffic to the “closest” cache server. The most widely-deployed techniques, including IP anycast [6], DNS-based geolocation [43], and dynamic request routing, leverage the inherent Internet topology to identify the optimal and geographically nearest cache server for each user [7, 9, 31, 54, 63, 74] . Effective request-mapping techniques are critical for minimizing cache misses, which would otherwise lead  \nFigure 1: Median RTT difference (Starlink − Terrestrial) between Starlink subscribers and Terrestrial subscribers to the best Cloudflare CDN server reported by Cloudflare AIM.  \nto traversals to remote origin servers, resulting in inflated latency and degraded Quality of Experience (QoE) [73] .  \nIn the last few years, LEO satellite networks (LSNs) have emerged as a new access technology, providing Internet connectivity throughout the globe [42, 58, 64] . LSNs, spearheaded by SpaceX’s Starlink [55, 56] alongside competitors such as Eutelsat’s OneWeb [44], are evolving into “global ISPs” that challenge traditional Internet operational models [45], bridge connectivity gaps in remote regions [40, 58], provide servi","cbCaitj2XSi9BJdD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitj2XSi9BJdD","pdf",1357305,12,"English","# Introduction\n## Low Earth Orbit satellite ISPs and Starlink\n## CDN mapping and request routing assumptions\n## Measurement setup and performance regimes","[{\"question\":\"What performance layers does the study analyze for Starlink web delivery?\",\"answer\":\"It decomposes performance across Point of Presence (PoP), DNS, and CDN layers to isolate where delays are introduced.\"},{\"question\":\"What causes the major latency penalties in infrastructure-sparse regions?\",\"answer\":\"Remote PoPs lead to distant resolver selection, which triggers CDN mislocalization and pushes latencies beyond 200 ms.\"},{\"question\":\"How does Starlink’s early 2025 infrastructure expansion affect page-fetch performance?\",\"answer\":\"Relocating PoPs closer to users reduces median page-fetch times by 60%, showing that infrastructure proximity—not satellite coverage—drives web performance.\"}]","Investigating Web Content Delivery Performance over Starlink - Technical measurement study | PDF"]