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BY  \nJabed Iqbal,  \nSingapore General Hospital, Singapore  \nREVIEWED BY  \nShivam Priya,  \nThe Ohio State University, United States Giuseppe Angelico,  \nAgostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IRCCS), Italy  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nAbdallah Badou  \n [abdallahbadou@yahoo.com](abdallahbadou@yahoo.com)  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work  \nRECEIVED 12 March 2024  \nACCEPTED 18 September 2024  \nPUBLISHED 23 October 2024  \nCITATION  \nNaji O, Ghouzlani A, Rafii S, Sadiqi Ru, Kone A-s, Harmak Z, Choukri K, Kandoussi S, Karkouri M and Badou A (2024) Investigating tumor immunogenicity in breast cancer: deciphering the tumor immune response to enhance therapeutic approaches.  \nFront. Immunol. 15:1399754 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1399754  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2024 Naji, Ghouzlani, Rafii, Sadiqi, Kone, Harmak, Choukri, Kandoussi, Karkouri and Badou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nInvestigating tumor immunogenicity in breast cancer: deciphering the tumor immune response to enhance therapeutic approaches  \nOumayma Naji 1, Amina Ghouzlani 1†, Soumaya Rafii1†, Rizwan ullah Sadiqi 2, Abdou-samad Kone 1, Zakia Harmak 1, Khalil Choukri 1, Sarah Kandoussi 1, Mehdi Karkouri 3 and Abdallah Badou 1,4*  \n1 Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies Laboratory (LIGEP), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco, 2 Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom, 3 Department of Pathological Anatomy, University Hospital Center (CHU) Ibn Rochd and Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University,  \nCasablanca, Morocco, 4 Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat and Mohammed VI University for Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco  \nThe interplay between immune cells and malignant cells represents an essential chapter in the eradication of breast cancer. This widely distributed and diverse form of cancer represents a major threat to women worldwide. The incidence of breast cancer is related to several risk factors, notably genetic predisposition and family antecedents. Despite progress in treatment modalities varying from surgery and chemotherapy to radiotherapy and targeted therapies, persistently high rates of recurrence, metastasis, and treatment resistance underscore the urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy has gained considerable ground in the treatment of breast cancer, as it takes advantage of the complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment. This dynamic interplay between immune and tumor cells has become a key point of focus in immunological research. This study investigates the role of various cancer markers, such as neoantigens and immune regulatory genes, in the diagnosis and treatment of breast tumors. Moreover, it explores the future potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors as therapeutically effective agents, as well as the challenges that prevent their efficacy, in particular tumor-induced immunosuppression and the difficulty of achieving tumor specificity.  \nKEYWORDS  \nbreast cancer, immune microenviroment, immune response, therapy resistance, immunotherapy  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \nIntroduction  \nBreast cancer ranks as the foremost-diagnosed cancer among women globally, posing a considerable threat to their health and well being. In 2020, there were reported 2.26 million new cases, with predictions indicating a 21% increase over the next decade. In the United Stat","cbCaic9nTXG7s7m5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaic9nTXG7s7m5","pdf",1243102,17,"English","# Introduction\n## Breast cancer burden and risk context\n## Molecular subtypes and immunogenicity","[{\"question\":\"What biological interaction does the review emphasize in breast cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The review emphasizes the interplay between immune cells and malignant cells within the tumor microenvironment and its role in influencing treatment outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"Which tumor features does the review focus on for diagnosis and therapy?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on cancer markers such as neoantigens and immune regulatory genes, linking tumor immunogenicity to diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges limit the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights tumor-induced immunosuppression and the difficulty of achieving tumor specificity as key barriers to efficacy.\"}]","Investigating tumor immunogenicity in breast cancer: deciphering the tumor immune response to enhance therapeutic approaches | PDF",1789993543,43]