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Reports a downward trend in redshirting rates, with redshirted students more likely to be White boys not economically disadvantaged, and higher likelihood among students with disabilities. Finds most redshirted students are born in summer months and rates are stable and lower than prior national estimates, suggesting the practice is less widespread than feared.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/investigating-the-prevalence-of-academic-redshirting-using-population-level-data/589850/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/investigating-the-prevalence-of-academic-redshirting-using-population-level-data/589850.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cart","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How is academic redshirting defined in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It refers to holding age-eligible children back for a year prior to enrolling in kindergarten.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What trend does the study report for redshirting rates?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Redshirting rates show a downward trend over the period analyzed, with 3.5% in the fall of 2012, and remaining stable at lower levels than earlier national estimates.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which student groups are more likely to be redshirted?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Redshirted students are consistently more likely to be White boys who are not economically disadvantaged, and students with disabilities are also more likely to be redshirted.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589850,1792231051,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},18829141979164,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","AERA Open  \nApril-June 2015, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 1–11 DOI: 10. 1177/2332858415590800 © The Author(s) 2015. [http://ero.sagepub.com](http://ero.sagepub.com)  \nInvestigating the Prevalence of Academic Redshirting Using Population-Level Data  \nFrancis L. Huang  \nUniversity of Missouri  \nThe practice of academic redshirting, or holding children back a year prior to their enrolling in kindergarten, continues tobe a controversial practice. Although most studies investigating redshirting have used small statewide samples or older, nationally representative data sets, the current study uses population-level data from one state that spans several years. Findings indicate a downward trend in redshirting rates (3.5% in fall of 2012), and redshirted students were consistently more likely to be White boys who were not economically disadvantaged. Students with disabilities were also more likely to be redshirted. Of the redshirted students, the majority were born in the summer months (>70%). Rates have been stable and lower than previously reported national estimates, suggesting that the practice is not as widespread as feared.  \nKeywords: redshirting, delayed enrollment, big data, multilevel logistic regression  \nThe controversial practice of academic redshirting, or holding age-eligible children back for a year prior to their enrolling in kindergarten, continues to receive attention in the popular press (e.g., Ashbrook, 2014; Bronson & Merryman, 2009; Gladwell, 2008; Gootman, 2006; Moyer, 2013; Paul, 2010; Safer, 2012; Wang & Aamodt, 2011; Weil, 2007) and in academic journals (e.g., Bassok & Reardon, 2013; Datar, 2006; Mendez, Kim, Ferron, & Woods, 2014; Oshima & Domaleski, 2006) . To be eligible for kindergarten, most states require children to be 5 years of age at a specified cutoff date in the year that they are enrolling (Bush, 2010) . However, some parents of age-eligible children may opt to hold their kids back for a year to allow the child more time to mature prior to kindergarten entry.  \nEven though redshirting continues to be of keen interest and concern for parents, teachers, administrators, and policymakers, there is a dearth of recent, large-scale empirical data that have been used to investigate this practice. Worries persist that academic redshirting may be on the rise as elementary schools become more academically demanding (Dougan & Pijanowski, 2011) . A newspaper editorial titled“Redshirting’ Kindergarteners Getting Out of Hand” indicated that “in the early 1990s, about 9% of kindergarteners were [redshirted . . . today](redshirted . . . today), the percentage is double that”(“Editorial,” 2011) . Popular news programs, such as 60 Minutes and shows on Fox News, have indicated that “kindergarten redshirting has more than tripled since the 1970s”(Safer, 2012) and that redshirting is a “growing phenomenon” (“Parents ‘Redshirting’ Kindergartners,” 2010) .  \nConventional media outlets such as the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal have referred to the practice of redshirting as the new norm (Paul, 2010; Wallace, 2014) . However, such statements may be based on anecdotal evidence, convenience samples with limited generalizability, or endorsements provided by individual parents or teachers. The current study makes use of a longitudinal, large-scale database to track the prevalence of redshirting over time at both the student and school levels.  \nOutcomes Related to Redshirting  \nAcademic redshirting is very much a part of popular culture and is passed on by generations of individuals (Graue & DiPerna, 2000). Even though the study of kindergarten entry age of children and academic outcomes has spanned several decades (e.g., Baer, 1958; Halliwell, 1966; Huang, 2014; Langer, Kalk, & Searls, 1984; Spitzer, Cupp, & Parke, 1995; Stipek, 2002), the practice of redshirting has received renewed attention, possibly as schools have a greater focus on ensuring that students meet academic, grade-level requirements. The practice of reds","cbCaijwrh8XklFI2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijwrh8XklFI2","pdf",475723,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Redshirting prevalence and controversy\n# Methods and Data\n## Population-level longitudinal database\n# Findings\n## Trends in redshirting rates\n## Student characteristics associated with redshirting","[{\"question\":\"How is academic redshirting defined in the study?\",\"answer\":\"It refers to holding age-eligible children back for a year prior to enrolling in kindergarten.\"},{\"question\":\"What trend does the study report for redshirting rates?\",\"answer\":\"Redshirting rates show a downward trend over the period analyzed, with 3.5% in the fall of 2012, and remaining stable at lower levels than earlier national estimates.\"},{\"question\":\"Which student groups are more likely to be redshirted?\",\"answer\":\"Redshirted students are consistently more likely to be White boys who are not economically disadvantaged, and students with disabilities are also more likely to be redshirted.\"}]","Investigating the Prevalence of Academic Redshirting Using Population-Level Data | PDF",1792068254,28]