[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-589994-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":80,"doc-detail-589994-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":73,"head_meta":75,"extra_data":77,"updated_unix":79},105,"en","investigating-the-agrammatic-production-of-canonical-and-non-canonical-sentences-cross-linguistically-research-article","Investigating the Agrammatic Production of Canonical and Non-Canonical Sentences Cross-Linguistically - Research article","","Research on agrammatism shows that linguistic impairment is systematic and interpretable, with non-canonical sentences typically more impaired than canonical ones. Earlier work reports aphasic patients spend longer processing and commit more errors when producing non-canonical structures. This study examines cross-linguistic production impairments of canonical vs non-canonical sentences in Bangla, Japanese, German, and English aphasic patients. Bangla shows severe difficulty with passive sentences, while active sentence production remains partially preserved. The findings suggest broader similarity across languages in agrammatic production and greater cross-linguistic difficulty for non-canonical sentences.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/investigating-the-agrammatic-production-of-canonical-and-non-canonical-sentences-cross-linguistically-research-article/589994/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/investigating-the-agrammatic-production-of-canonical-and-non-canonical-sentences-cross-linguistically-research-article/589994.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Cart","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":30},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What does prior research indicate about agrammatic production of sentence types?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"Non-canonical sentences are generally more impaired than canonical sentences. Aphasic patients typically take longer and make more mistakes when producing non-canonical structures.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"Which languages are compared in this study to examine cross-linguistic impairments?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"The study focuses on Bangla, Japanese, German, and English aphasic patients, contrasting languages with more flexible vs less flexible word order.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What key production impairment does the study report for Bangla agrammatism?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Bangla agrammatic speakers show severe impairments producing passive sentences, while producing active sentences is not completely devoid of impairments.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},589994,1792231052,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":30,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},18829141979164,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Advances in Language and Literary Studies  \nISSN: 2203-4714  \n[www.alls.aiac.org.au](www.alls.aiac.org.au)  \n| Investigating theAgrammatic Production of Canonical and Non-Canonical Sentences Cross-Linguistically\u003Cbr>Mohammad Harun*\u003Cbr>Comilla University, Bangladesh\u003Cbr>Corresponding Author: Mohammad Harun, [E-mail: harun.eng.du@gmail.com](E-mail: harun.eng.du@gmail.com) |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| ARTICLE INFO | ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>Research on agrammatism has revealed that the nature of linguistic impairment is systematic and interpretable. Non-canonical sentences are more impaired than those of canonical sentences. Previous studies on Japanese (Hiroshi et al. 2004; Chujo 1983; Tamaoka et al. 2003; Nakayama 1995) report that aphasic patients take longer Response Time (RT) and make more mistakes in producing non-canonical sentences compared to that of canonical sentences. The present research investigates the production impairments of canonical and non-canonical sentences cross-linguistically focusing on Bangla, Japanese, German and English aphasic patients. While Bangla, Japanese, German have relatively flexible word order, and hence allow freer phrasal movement, English exemplifies less freedom in word order patterns, and does not allow as much movement as the former three. We hypothesized that Bangla agrammatic patients would have more impairments in producing non-canonical sentences than those of canonical counterparts, while the production of canonical sentences isnot completely devoid of impairments too. Primary data were collected from Bangla agrammatic patients, and secondary data from Japanese, German and English were exploited for cross-linguistic comparison. The findings show that Bangla agrammatic speakers have severe impairments in producing passive sentences, although the production of active ones are not completely devoid of impairments. The cross-linguistic comparison of the findings implies that the production of Bangla agrammatism tend to be similar to other agrammatic production and the production of non-canonical sentences are more difficult than those of canonical sentences cross-linguistically. |\n| Article history\u003Cbr>Received: October 22, 2019\u003Cbr>Accepted: December 11, 2019\u003Cbr>Published: February 29, 2020\u003Cbr>Volume: 11 Issue: 1\u003Cbr>Advance access: February 2020 |  |\n| Conflicts of interest: None\u003Cbr>Funding: None |  |\n| Key words:\u003Cbr>Bangla Agrammatism,(Non-)Canonicity,\u003Cbr>Passive Sentences,\u003Cbr>Minimalist Program |  |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nThough Broca’s area is usually considered to be the language production area, production of linguistic items is not exclusively confined to this region. Moreover, there is no 100% fine-grained interaction between area-division and language behavior. Till date, there have been many studies focusing on the functions of the different parts of the brain, and the severity of language impairments based on the damagesin different parts of the brain studied. The studies include fMRI techniques, online, off-line language processing studies and others. Studies on non-canonical sentences i.e. object relative clauses, passive sentences, wh-interrogatives, etc. report that the sentence constructions that deviate from the basic word order are more difficult to process for agrammatic patients. As adult speakers over-learn the canonical sentences, they can produce the basic, canonical sentences comparatively easily. So far the previous research on agrammatism has reported that agrammatic speakers have specific types of language impairments.  \nNon-canonical sentences involve more computational load(s), and hence, agrammatic speakers face more challenges in producing these, yet the nature of the linguistic  \nmodalities involving more impairments in agrammatic production is not the same in all languages. To have a better understanding of the impairment modalities of canonical and non-canonical sentences cross-linguistically, the present study considers Japanese, German and Bangla from the list of relatively flexib","cbCairA5eUIDViDa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairA5eUIDViDa","pdf",338253,11,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Brain regions and language production\n## Non-canonical sentences and processing load\n## Study aims and research questions","[{\"question\":\"What does prior research indicate about agrammatic production of sentence types?\",\"answer\":\"Non-canonical sentences are generally more impaired than canonical sentences. Aphasic patients typically take longer and make more mistakes when producing non-canonical structures.\"},{\"question\":\"Which languages are compared in this study to examine cross-linguistic impairments?\",\"answer\":\"The study focuses on Bangla, Japanese, German, and English aphasic patients, contrasting languages with more flexible vs less flexible word order.\"},{\"question\":\"What key production impairment does the study report for Bangla agrammatism?\",\"answer\":\"Bangla agrammatic speakers show severe impairments producing passive sentences, while producing active sentences is not completely devoid of impairments.\"}]","Investigating the Agrammatic Production of Canonical and Non-Canonical Sentences Cross-Linguistically - Research article | PDF",1792068566,28]