[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-114792-en":3,"doc-seo-114792-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},114792,1374391974564,"Clementine","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253aa45c000a9e?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779874745381141002",8,"Research & Report","Inventing ELIZA - How the First Chatbot Shaped the Future of AI","Inventing ELIZA traces how Joseph Weizenbaum’s ELIZA became a landmark first chatbot and how its design and cultural reception influenced later thinking in AI and natural language processing. It examines ELIZA’s software mechanics, scripts, and dialogue structures alongside the broader intellectual context that surrounded it. The book also discusses ELIZA-inspired bots and the lessons later language models can extract from ELIZA’s approach, using scholarly analysis, dialogues, and references.","INVENTING ELIZA  \nThe MIT Press  \nMassachusetts Institute of Technology  \n77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 [mitpress.mit. edu](mitpress.mit. edu)  \n© 2026 Massachusetts Institute of Technology  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be used to train artificial intelligence systems or reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval)  \nwithout permission in writing from the publisher.  \nThe MIT Press would like to thank the anonymous peer reviewers who provided comments on drafts of this book. The generous work of academic experts is essential for establishing the authority and quality of our publications . We acknowledge with gratitude the contributions of these otherwise uncredited readers .  \nThis book was designed by Stefanie Ta m in Brooklyn, New York, and is set in Univers, Iosevka, and Courier.  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data  \nNames: Ciston, Sarah author | Berry, David M. (David Michael) author | Hay, [Anthony C. author | Marino](Anthony C. author | Marino), [Mark C. author | Millican](Mark C. author | Millican) , [P. J. R. author |](P. J. R. author |)[ ](P. J. R. author |)Schwarz, [Arthur I. author | Shrager](Arthur I. author | Shrager), Jeff author | Weil, Peggy author  \nTitle: Inventing ELIZA : how the first chatbot shaped the future of AI / Sarah Ciston, David M. Berry, Anthony C. Hay, Mark C. Marino, Peter Millican, Arthur I. Schwarz, Jeff Shrager and Peggy Weil.  \nDescription: Cambridge, Massachusetts : The MIT Press, [2026] | Series: Software studies | Includes bibliographical references and index . Identifiers: LCCN 2025028421 (print) | LCCN 2025028422 (ebook) | ISBN 9780262052481 paperback | ISBN 9780262052504 pdf | ISBN 9780262052498 epub  \nSubjects: LCSH: ELIZA (Computer program) | Weizenbaum, Joseph | Chatbots |  \nNatural language processing (Computer science) | Artificial intelligence--History  \nClassification: LCC QA76.76.C52 C57 2026 (print) | LCC QA76.76.C52 (ebook)  \nLC record available at [https://lccn.loc.gov/2025028421](https://lccn.loc.gov/2025028421)  \nLC ebook record available at [https://lccn.loc.gov/2025028422](https://lccn.loc.gov/2025028422)[ ](https://lccn.loc.gov/2025028422)10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  \nEU Authorised Representative: Easy Access System Europe, Mustamäe tee 50, 10621 Tallinn, Estonia [Email: gpsr. requests@easproject. com](Email: gpsr. requests@easproject. com)  \nSarah Ciston, David M. Berry, Anthony C. Hay, Mark C. Marino, Peter Millican,  \nArthur I. Schwarz, Jeff Shrager, and Peggy Weil Foreword by Janet H. Murray  \nINVENTING ELIZA  \nHOW THE F IRST CHATBOT SHAPED THE FUTURE OF AI  \nThe MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England  \n\n| Series Foreword |  | 7 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Foreword |  | 9 |\n| Dialogue | ELIZA/DOCTOR | 14 |\n| 01.00 | Please Go On: An Introduction | 15 |\n| Dialogue | ELIZA/DOCTOR:\u003Cbr>Conversation March 5, 1965 | 37 |\n| 02.00 | A Life in Software: Joseph Weizenbaum | 43 |\n| Dialogue | ELIZA/DOCTOR:\u003Cbr>Doctor, I Have Terrible News | 61 |\n| 03.00 | How ELIZA Works | 65 |\n| Dialogue | Lisp ELIZA: A Turing Test Passed | 87 |\n| 04.00 | Development Anarchy | 89 |\n| Dialogue | ELIZA/YAPYAP | 105 |\n| 05.00 | ELIZA’s Personas in Scripts and Dialogues | 111 |\n| Dialogue | ELIZA/SPACKS: Is Any Heart in Order after Belsen? | 135 |\n| 06.00 | The ELIZA Source Code | 141 |\n| 07.00 | The DOCTOR Script | 167 |\n| Dialogue | Re: The Imitation Game | 191 |\n\n08.00 ELIZA-Inspired Bots 197  \n\n| Dialogue ladymouth | 219 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 09.00 The Blurring Test: MrMind | 227 |\n| Dialogue MrMind | 243 |\n| 10.00 Learning from ELIZA in Philosophy and AI | 245 |\n| Dialogue ELIZA/GIRL | 257 |\n| 11.00 Go On Now: What Future Language Models Can Learn from ELIZA | 259 |\n| Dialogue ChatGPT as DOCTOR | 275 |\n| 12.00 Conclusion | 283 |\n| Acknowledgments | 295 |\n| Team ELIZA | 297 |\n| Appendix I Reconstructing ELIZA | 305 |\n| Appendix II ELIZA in the CACM | 307 |\n| E","cbCaikSxGIVJavYV","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikSxGIVJavYV","pdf",35166726,1,352,"English","en",105,"# Series Foreword\n## Foreword\n# Dialogue\n## ELIZA/DOCTOR\n## ELIZA/DOCTOR: Conversation March 5, 1965\n## A Life in Software: Joseph Weizenbaum\n## ELIZA/DOCTOR: Doctor, I Have Terrible News\n## How ELIZA Works\n## Lisp ELIZA: A Turing Test Passed\n## Development Anarchy\n## ELIZA/YAPYAP\n## ELIZA’s Personas in Scripts and Dialogues\n## ELIZA/SPACKS: Is Any Heart in Order after Belsen?\n## The ELIZA Source Code\n## The DOCTOR Script\n## Re: The Imitation Game\n# 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