[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40379-en":3,"doc-seo-40379-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40379,8796095461564,"Liam","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","Introduction to Logic","Introduction to Logic presents the study of methods and principles for distinguishing correct from incorrect reasoning. The opening material defines logic as a way to evaluate arguments by checking whether conclusions follow from stated premises using objective criteria. It explains that people support claims through many routes—authority, emotion, or habit—yet logic focuses on assessing reasoning quality. The document frames key foundations such as propositions, argument recognition, validity and truth.","Introduction to Logic Irving M. Copi Carl Cohen Kenneth McMahon Fourteenth Edition  \nPearson Education Limited  \nEdinburgh Gate Harlow  \nEssex CM20 2JE  \nEngland and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on [the World Wide Web at:](the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk)[ www.pearsoned.co.uk](the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk)[ ](the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk)© Pearson Education Limited 2014  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.  \nAll trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners.  \nISBN 10: 1-292-02482-8  \nISBN 13: 978-1-292-02482-0  \nBritish Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data  \nA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library  \nPrinted in the United States of America  \nP E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R A R Y  \nTable of Contents  \n1. Basic Logical Concepts  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 1  \n2. Analyzing Arguments  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 35  \n3. Language and Definitions  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 67  \n4. Fallacies  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 109  \n5. Categorical Propositions  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 167  \n6. Categorical Syllogisms  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 211  \n7. Syllogisms in Ordinary Language  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 255  \n8. Symbolic Logic  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 305  \n9. Methods of Deduction  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 365  \n10. Quantification Theory  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 433  \n11. Analogical Reasoning  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 485  \n12. Causal Reasoning  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 513  \n13. Science and Hypothesis  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 559  \n14. Probability  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 587  \nA Very Brief History of Logic  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 615  \nGlossary  \nIrving M. Copi/Carl Cohen/Kenneth McMahon 617  \nIndex 631  \nBasic Logical Concepts  \nFrom Chapter 1 of Introduction to Logic, Fourteenth Edition. Irving M. Copi, Carl Cohen, Kenneth McMahon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.  \nThis asset is intentionally omitted from this text. It maybe accessed at [www.mcescher.com](www.mcescher.com).(Waterfall by M.C. Escher)  \nBasic Logical Concepts  \n1 What Logic Is  \n2 Propositions and Arguments  \n3 Recognizing Arguments  \n4 Arguments and Explanations  \n5 Deductive and Inductive Arguments  \n6 Validity and Truth  \n1 What Logic Is  \nLogic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning.  \nWhen we reason about any matter, we produce arguments to support our conclusions. Our arguments include reasons that we think justify our beliefs. However, not all reasons are good reasons. Therefore we may always ask, when we confront an argument: Does the conclusion reached follow from the premises assumed? To answer this question there are objective criteria; in the study of logic we seek to discover and apply those criteria.  \nReasoning is not the only way in which people support assertions they make or accept. They may appeal to authority or to emotion, which can be very persuasive, or they may rely, without reflection, simply on habits. However, when someone ","cbCaitIzOb8v150a","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitIzOb8v150a","pdf",3427116,4,1,665,"English","en",105,"# Table of Contents\n## Basic Logical Concepts\n## Analyzing Arguments\n## Language and Definitions\n## Fallacies\n## Categorical Propositions\n## Categorical Syllogisms\n## Syllogisms in Ordinary Language\n## Symbolic Logic\n## Methods of Deduction\n## Quantification Theory\n## Analogical Reasoning\n## Causal Reasoning\n## Science and Hypothesis\n## Probability\n## A Very Brief History of Logic\n## Glossary\n## Index","[{\"question\":\"What does logic study, according to the text?\",\"answer\":\"Logic studies the methods and principles for distinguishing correct from incorrect reasoning.\"},{\"question\":\"How does logic evaluate an argument?\",\"answer\":\"It applies objective criteria to test whether a conclusion follows from the premises assumed.\"},{\"question\":\"What other ways do people use to support claims besides reasoning?\",\"answer\":\"They may appeal to authority or emotion, or rely on habit without reflection.\"}]",1783310830,1676,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"introduction-to-logic-40379","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/introduction-to-logic-40379/40379/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-12","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What does logic study, according to the text?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Logic studies the methods and principles for distinguishing correct from incorrect reasoning.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does logic evaluate an argument?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It applies objective criteria to test whether a conclusion follows from the premises assumed.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What other ways do people use to support claims besides reasoning?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"They may appeal to authority or emotion, or rely on habit without reflection.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]