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\nemail: [info@iconbooks.com](info@iconbooks.com)  \n[www.introducingbooks.com](www.introducingbooks.com)  \n[ISBN: 978-184831-771-0](ISBN: 978-184831-771-0)[ ](ISBN: 978-184831-771-0)Text and illustrations copyright © 2012 Icon Books Ltd The author and artist have asserted their moral rights.  \nOriginating editor: Richard Appignanesi  \nNo part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without prior  \npermission in writing from the publisher.  \nContents  \nCover Title Page Copyright  \nA Brief History of Linguistics An Indian Linguist  \nThe Greek Origins of Linguistics Grammar or Parts of Speech Latin Grammar  \nTraditional Grammar The Port-Royal Grammar Historical Linguistics Ferdinand de Saussure  \nSaussure’s Lectures on General Linguistics  \nSaussure’s Structuralism An Example from English An Example from Spanish Synchronic and Diachronic Structures Trubetzkoy’s Phonology  \nJakobson’s Work on Linguistics Jakobson and Semiotics  \nThe Origins of American Linguistics Sapir’s General Linguistics The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Example of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis A Pioneer of American Structuralism Post-Bloomfieldian Structruralists The Formalism of Zellig Harris Chomsky’s Generative Grammar Transformational Grammar Chomsky’s Programme  \nParadox of the TG Programme The Functional Approach  \nWhat Does “Function” Communicate? Systemic Functional Linguistics: Texts  \nCognitive Linguistics Gendering Nouns  \nDyirbal Noun Genders Language Perception Differences Greek Perception of Time Metaphor  \nWhat is Language? Natural Language Our Language Faculty  \nWhat’s Special About Human Languages? What do all Languages Have in Common?  \nLinguistic Abilities Language Media  \nUnits of Writing Duality of Patterning Sign Languages Nicaraguan Sign Language Grammar and Word Order  \nDifferent Examples of Word Order and Location Tense and Time  \nGrammatical Differences Sign Language Grammar The Written Record of Language And Further Back    \n…to Old English The Never-ending Story Conservative Prescriptivism Historical Perspectives  \nExplaining Systemic Correspondence The Indo-European Family and PIE The Remote Origins of English Eastern Ancestors of PIE The Saussurean Paradox Sociolinguistic Studies of Variation Male-versus-Female Speech Variation and Social Context Semantics  \nMeanings Occur in Connections Pragmatics  \nPragmatic Issues Extending Pragmatics  \nWhere Does Language Come From? Skinner’s Thesis Attacked by Chomsky Children Construct Rules  \nExample of Active Construction Creating a Language  \nPidgin Creoles  \nChomsky’s Universal Grammar What is the Rule?  \nLinguistic Nativism Obstacles to Confirming UG Respectively, with Respect Innate or Acquired?  \nLanguage Planning Engineering Basque Standard English Sexism in Language Sexist Attitudes Descriptivism Disordered Language Wernicke’s Aphasia Neurolinguistics  \nSpecific Language Impairment Williams Syndrome A Psycholinguistic View of Language A Problem of Faulty Genes How Did Language Originate? What Do We Know Today?  \nWhen Did Language Begin? The Gradualist Theory  \nThe Catastrophic Theory Criticism of the Gradualist View Bickerton’s Conclusion  \nAnother Cognitive Example Differences of Metaphor Conflicting Speculations The Purposes of Language  \nFurther Reading Index Biographies  \nA Brief History of Linguistics  \nHuman beings have probably been speaking for as long as we have existed, but it was only around 3,000 years ago that anybody began to be curious about language and to start examining it. This happened independently in two places.  \nGRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS DEVELOPED VERY EARLY IN ANCIENT INDIA. A DESCRIPTION OF GRAMMAR ALSO APPEARED AMONG ANCIENT GREEKS.  \nWe might begin with an example from the Indian tradition.  \nAn Indian Linguist  \nPāini’s life (circa 5th century BC) is unknown, but his work, the  \nAstādhayāyī, is a culmination of earlier studies in phonology and grammar.  \nPāini","cbCaivP8P6xNnRb3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivP8P6xNnRb3","pdf",14520573,256,"English","# A Brief History of Linguistics\n## An Indian Linguist\n## The Greek Origins of Linguistics\n## Traditional Grammar\n## Historical Linguistics\n# Ferdinand de Saussure\n## Saussure’s Structuralism\n## Jakobson’s Work on Linguistics\n# American Linguistics and Generative Grammar\n## Sapir’s General Linguistics\n## Chomsky’s Generative Grammar\n# Cognitive and Systemic Approaches\n## Cognitive Linguistics\n## Systemic Functional Linguistics\n# What Is Language?\n## Natural Language\n## Language Perception Differences\n## Linguistic Abilities\n# Language Origin and Language Planning\n## Where Does Language Come From?\n## How Did Language Originate?\n## Language Planning\n# Further Reading and Index","[{\"question\":\"What early traditions in language study does the book highlight?\",\"answer\":\"It describes grammatical analysis developing very early in ancient India and a description of grammar appearing among the ancient Greeks.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book illustrate Pāṇini’s approach to grammar?\",\"answer\":\"It explains that word pieces should be glued together in order and then rules convert sequences into correct surface forms, illustrated using an English example built from prefix, stem, and suffix.\"},{\"question\":\"Which major research themes are covered after the historical overview?\",\"answer\":\"The book covers structuralism and generative grammar, along with topics such as semantics and pragmatics, psycholinguistics, language planning, and theories about how language originates.\"}]","Introducing Linguistics - A Brief History of Linguistics | PDF",1789776130,645]