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ILD conditions share key features of alveolo-capillary membrane injury, including inflammation and fibrosis that impair the blood-air barrier and disrupt gas exchange. Pathophysiology emphasizes reduced lung compliance, increased work of breathing, dyspnea, and exercise-limited oxygen diffusion due to thickening of the alveolo-capillary membrane. Clinical evaluation focuses on progressive exertional dyspnea and dry cough, with targeted history for connective tissue disease, medication causes, and environmental exposures. Assessment includes examination for pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure, characteristic auscultation findings, laboratory tests, and imaging with HRCT for sensitive detection of reticular, nodular, and honeycombing patterns. 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