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Mortality concentrates in Asian and Latin American regions where diagnoses often occur at advanced stages. GC is a multifactorial process shaped by Helicobacter pylori strain virulence, environmental exposures, diet, and host factors. The chronically inflamed tumor microenvironment and innate immune activation connect premalignant gastric lesions to established tumors, linking epithelial Toll-like receptors, cytokines, immune checkpoint signaling, interferon-gamma pathways, and NETosis to disease risk.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/intersections-between-innate-immune-response-and-gastric-cancer-development-review/378818/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/intersections-between-innate-immune-response-and-gastric-cancer-development-review/378818.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Liam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What role does the innate immune response play in gastric cancer development?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review links innate immune activation to disease progression, from premalignant gastric epithelial lesions through established tumors, through mechanisms involving Toll-like receptors, cytokines, neutrophils, and related inflammatory pathways.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which factors are described as contributors to gastric cancer as a multifactorial process?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Gastric cancer development is presented as multifactorial, involving Helicobacter pylori strain virulence, environmental factors (including socioeconomic status, smoking, and alcohol), dietary habits, and intrinsic host factors such as ethnicity, genetic background, age, and sex.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does inflammation and the tumor microenvironment relate to therapeutic opportunities?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer is described as chronically inflamed, which promotes tumor progression and reduces therapeutic opportunities, making assessment of inflammation important both qualitatively and quantitatively.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},378818,1791034589,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31},8796095461564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","| W | J | G | World Journal of\u003Cbr>Gastroenterology |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\nSubmit a Manuscript: [https://www.f6publishing.com](https://www.f6publishing.com) World J Gastroenterol 2023 April 21; 29(15): 2222-2240  \nDOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i15.2222 ISSN 1007-9327 (print) ISSN 2219-2840 (online)  \nREVIEW  \nIntersections between innate immune response and gastric cancer development  \nFranz Villarroel-Espindola, Troy Ejsmentewicz, Roxana Gonzalez-Stegmaier, Roddy A Jorquera, Esteban Salinas  \nSpecialty type: Biochemistry and molecular biology  \nProvenance and peer review:  \nInvited article; Externally peer reviewed.  \nPeer-review model: Single blind  \nPeer-review report’s scientific quality classification  \nGrade A (Excellent): A  \nGrade B (Very good): B  \nGrade C (Good): C, C  \nGrade D (Fair): 0  \nGrade E (Poor): 0  \nP-Reviewer: Jin C, China;  \nKanaoujiya R, India; Luo W, China; Zhao Q, China  \nReceived: September 20, 2022  \nPeer-review started: September 20, 2022  \nFirst decision: October 20, 2022  \nRevised: November 7, 2022  \nAccepted: March 9, 2023  \nArticle in press: March 9, 2023  \nPublished online: April 21, 2023  \nFranz Villarroel-Espindola, Troy Ejsmentewicz, Roxana Gonzalez-Stegmaier, Roddy A Jorquera, Esteban Salinas, Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago 7500000, Metropolitan region, Chile  \nCorresponding author: Franz Villarroel-Espindola, PhD, Director, Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Rancagua 878, Providencia, Santiago 7500000, Metropolitan region, [Chile.](Chile. franz.villarroel@falp.org)[ franz.villarroel@falp.org](Chile. franz.villarroel@falp.org)  \nAbstract  \nWorldwide, gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most commonly diagnosed malignancy. It has a reduced prevalence but has maintained its poor prognosis being the fourth leading cause of deaths related to cancer. The highest mortality rates occur in Asian and Latin American countries, where cases are usually diagnosed at advanced stages. Overall, GC is viewed as the consequence of a multifactorial process, involving the virulence of the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains, as well as some environmental factors, dietary habits, and host intrinsic factors. The tumor microenvironment in GC appears to be chronically inflamed which promotes tumor progression and reduces the therapeutic opportunities. It has been suggested that inflammation assessment needs to be measured qualitatively and quantitatively, considering cell-infiltration types, availability of receptors to detect damage and pathogens, and presence or absence of aggressive H. pylori strains. Gastrointestinal epithelial cells express several Toll-like receptors and determine the first defensive line against pathogens, and have been also described as mediators of tumorigenesis. However, other molecules, such as cytokines related to inflammation and innate immunity, including immune checkpoint molecules, interferon-gamma pathway and NETosis have been associated with an increased risk of GC. Therefore, this review will explore innate immune activation in the context of premalignant lesions of the gastric epithelium and established gastric tumors.  \nKey Words: Gastric cancer; Toll-like receptor; Helicobacter pylori; Nuclear factor kappa B; Neutrophils  \n©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.  \n WJG  [https://www.wjgnet.com](https://www.wjgnet.com) 2222 April 21, 2023  Volume 29  Issue 15   \nVillarroel-Espindola F et al. Innate immunity in gastric lesions  \nCore Tip: Premalignant cascade of gastric cancer starts with a chronic gastritis, and evolves to atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and finally the carcinoma. During the process, different immune responses contribute to inflammation of the gastric epithelium. Our work compiles studies related to the innate immune response with a focus on molecular and cellular features such as, Toll-like rec","cbCaij3fM2IaoLvS","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaij3fM2IaoLvS","pdf",1315643,"English","# Abstract\n# Core Tip\n# Citation","[{\"question\":\"What role does the innate immune response play in gastric cancer development?\",\"answer\":\"The review links innate immune activation to disease progression, from premalignant gastric epithelial lesions through established tumors, through mechanisms involving Toll-like receptors, cytokines, neutrophils, and related inflammatory pathways.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors are described as contributors to gastric cancer as a multifactorial process?\",\"answer\":\"Gastric cancer development is presented as multifactorial, involving Helicobacter pylori strain virulence, environmental factors (including socioeconomic status, smoking, and alcohol), dietary habits, and intrinsic host factors such as ethnicity, genetic background, age, and sex.\"},{\"question\":\"How does inflammation and the tumor microenvironment relate to therapeutic opportunities?\",\"answer\":\"The tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer is described as chronically inflamed, which promotes tumor progression and reduces therapeutic opportunities, making assessment of inflammation important both qualitatively and quantitatively.\"}]","Intersections between innate immune response and gastric cancer development - Review | PDF",1790232553]