[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40121-en":3,"doc-seo-40121-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40121,1099513958762,"Logic","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1782109480056885918",8,"Research & Report","International Organisation in World Politics The Making of the Twentieth Century","International Organisation in World Politics, by David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd and John Redmond, traces how international organisations evolved from early precursors into the twentieth century’s major institutions. The book examines the rise of international organisations before 1919, the Concert of Europe, the Red Cross Movement and the Hague Conferences, then develops analysis of the League of Nations and the League’s security, legal and social functions. It follows the UN’s changing roles across Cold War, decolonisation-era developments, crisis in the 1980s, and post-Cold War reforms, including peacekeeping, sanctions and collective security debates.","International Organisation in World Politics  \nDAVID ARMSTRONG LORNA LLOYD JOHN REDMOND  \nTHE MAKING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY  \n© David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, John Redmond 2004, under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2019  \nAll rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.  \nNo portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.  \nAny person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.  \nFirst edition published 1982  \nSecond edition published 1996  \nThird edition published 2004 by RED GLOBE PRESS  \nRed Globe Press in the UK is an imprint of Springer Nature Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW.  \nRed Globe Press® is a registered trademark in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.  \nISBN 978–1–4039–0303–7 ISBN 978–0–230–62952–3 (eBook)  \nThis book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.  \nA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.  \nA catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.  \nContents  \nList of Tables xi  \nList of Figures xii  \nList of Abbreviations xiii  \nPreface xvii  \n1 The Rise of the International Organisation 1  \nThe Development of International Organisations before 1919 1  \nThe Concert of Europe 4  \nThe Red Cross Movement 5  \nThe Hague Conferences 5  \nThe Consolidation of IGOs 6  \nTheoretical Perspectives on IGOs 10  \nNotes 14  \n2 The League of Nations 16  \nThe League Idea and the Role of Woodrow Wilson 16  \nThe Covenant of the League of Nations 18  \nThe League and International Security 21  \nThe Legal, Economic and Social Functions of the League 30  \nThe Structural Framework of the League 31  \nConclusion 33  \nNotes 33  \n3 The American-led, Cold War UN, 1945–60 37  \nThe Creation of the United Nations 37  \nDifferences from the League 40  \nThe Early Years: Cold War Disputes and the Collapse of the  \nCharter System 40  \nThe Korean War and the Question of Collective Security 42  \nChinese Representation in the UN 43  \nThe Rise of the General Assembly 43  \nThe UN and Disputes Arising out of the Ending of Colonialism 44  \nAn Alternative Approach to Security: Peacekeeping 46  \nThe Rise and Fall of Two Secretaries-General 49  \nThe Non-political UN 50  \nConclusion 52  \nNotes 53  \n4 The Third World UN, 1960–80 54  \nThe Third World and the UN 54  \nAnticolonialism 55  \nRacial Discrimination 56  \nThe ‘Non-political’UN 58  \nThe Impact of the General Assembly’s Activity 60  \nAmerican Disillusionment and Increased Use of the Security Council 62  \nThe UN and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security 64  \nThe Role of the Secretary-General: U Thant 68  \nThe Role of the Secretary-General: Kurt Waldheim 69  \nConclusion 70  \nNotes 71  \n5 A Period of Crisis: the UN in the 1980s 73  \nThe US–UN Conflict in the General Assembly 73  \nThe Role of the Secretary-General: Javier Prez de Cullar 75  \nNon-political Organs 76  \nConclusion 79  \nNotes 80  \n6 The New World Disorder: the UN and the Maintenance of  \nInternational Peace 82  \nCollective Security Revisited: Iraq’s Invasion of Kuwait 82  \nThe Revival of Peacekeeping 84  \nOverstretch 98  \nDisaster 100  \nSanctions 102  \nThe Emergence of ‘Peace Enforcement’ 103  \nWidening the Conce","cbCaidO0VOkFjYst","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidO0VOkFjYst","pdf",1357403,6,1,296,"English","en",105,"# Preface\n# The Rise of the International Organisation\n## The Development of International Organisations before 1919\n## The Concert of Europe\n## The Red Cross Movement\n## The Hague Conferences\n## The Consolidation of IGOs\n## Theoretical Perspectives on IGOs\n# The League of Nations\n# The American-led, Cold War UN, 1945–60\n# The Third World UN, 1960–80\n# A Period of Crisis: the UN in the 1980s\n# The New World Disorder: the UN and the Maintenance of International Peace\n# The Post-Cold War UN\n# The European Community, 1945–69: Origins and Beginnings","[{\"question\":\"What earlier international structures and movements does the book treat as foundations for later IGOs?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses developments before 1919, including the Concert of Europe, the Red Cross Movement, and the Hague Conferences, leading into a consolidation of IGOs and theoretical perspectives.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book compare the League of Nations with the early United Nations?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes the League’s covenant and its legal, economic and social functions, then contrasts this framework with differences from the League in the early UN, including Cold War disputes and the collapse of the charter system.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book explain the evolution of UN security tools such as peacekeeping and sanctions?\",\"answer\":\"It covers peacekeeping as an alternative security approach, then later expands on collective security, the revival of peacekeeping, disaster and sanctions, and the emergence and widening of “peace enforcement” 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