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The study quantifies proximate and mineral profiles, fatty acid concentrations, material reduction, biomass conversion rate, and survival across PKM, FFP, PKM:FFP (1:1), and fructose levels in PKM:FFP. FFP yields the highest protein, fructose raises carbohydrate content and modifies fatty acids and select minerals while not affecting MR, BCR, size, or survival.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science-nutritive-value-material-reduction-biomass-conversion-rate-and-survival-of-black-soldier-fly-larvae-reared-on-palm-kernel-meal-supplemented-with-fish-pellets-and-fructose/142948/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science-nutritive-value-material-reduction-biomass-conversion-rate-and-survival-of-black-soldier-fly-larvae-reared-on-palm-kernel-meal-supplemented-with-fish-pellets-and-fructose/142948.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jiven","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-08-25",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",24,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What was the main purpose of supplementing palm kernel meal with fish pellets and fructose for BSFL?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"To strengthen the BSFL substrate and promote metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, making the larvae more valuable as a feed source. The work also evaluates how these supplements change nutritive and performance outcomes.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which diet produced the highest protein content in black soldier fly larvae after 12 days?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"BSFL fed with fish feed pellet (FFP) showed the highest protein content (55.68 ± 2.30%).",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Did fructose addition significantly change growth and survival of BSFL?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Fructose significantly affected fatty acid composition and some mineral accumulation, but BSFL length, material reduction (MR), biomass conversion rate (BCR), and survival did not differ significantly (P > 0.05).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},142948,1787691861,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":14,"preview_urls":145},1099513958607,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399","International Journal of Tropical Insect Science (2023) 43:1243–1254  \n[https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-023-01032-4](https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-023-01032-4)  \nNutritive value, material reduction, biomass conversion rate, and survival of black solider fly larvae reared on palm kernel meal supplemented with fish pellets and fructose  \nRudy Agung Nugroho1 · Retno Aryani1 · Esti Handayani Hardi2 · Hetty Manurung1 · Rudianto Rudianto1 · Nadhifa Aurellia Wirawan1 · Nadya Syalsabillah1 · Wibowo Nugroho Jati3  \nReceived: 7 March 2023 / Accepted: 23 May 2023 / Published online: 16 June 2023 © African Association of Insect Scientists 2023  \nAbstract  \nBlack Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) is a potential for future feed source that can be grown in Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) . To fortify the substrate of BSFL, fish feed and fructose can be added to induce BSFL metabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids which makes them more valuable. Their nutritive value and its growth performance reared in PKM supplemented with Fish Feed Pellet (FFP) and fructose has never been investigated. Present study aimed to evaluate the proximate, mineral, and fatty acid concentration, material reduction (MR), biomass conversion rate (BCR), and survival of BSFL grown on PKM, FFP, PKM:FFP (1:1), and fructose at various concentration (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) in PKM:FFP. After 12 days of rearing, a high protein was observed in BSFL fed FFP (55.68 ± 2.30%), while moisture (2.74 ± 0.05%) and crude fat (7.69 ± 0.04%) were found on the BSFL grown in PKM:FFP. The fructose (2.5–7.5%) in PKM:FFP increased carbohydrate content of BSFL. The highest relative concentration of fatty acids was found in the BSFL fed PKM:FFP with 10% fructose. The addition of fructose in either PKM, FFP or its combination significantly affected (P \u003C 0.05) on the fatty acid composition and some mineral accumulation, such as phosphorus (1.16 ± 0.04%), sodium (1.17 ± 0.01%), and iron (77.00 ± 1.00%) of the BSFL. However, the BSFL length, MR, and BCR were not significantly (P >0.05) affected by the addition of fructose. The survival did not differ significantly (P >0.05) among the BSFL grown in the various substrates. It is suggested that fructose is added to substrat of the BSFL to optimize fatty acid composition, mineral accumulation, proximate analysis without affected the growth and the survival of the BSFL.  \nKeywords Proximate analysis · Black soldier fly larvae · Palm kernel meal  \nNadhifa Aurellia Wirawan and Nadya Syalsabillah are Undergraduate Students of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at Mulawarman University, Indonesia.  \n* Rudy Agung Nugroho [rudyagung.nugroho@fmipa.unmul.ac.id](rudyagung.nugroho@fmipa.unmul.ac.id)  \n1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Jl. Barong Tongkok No 4 Gn Kelua Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur 751231, Indonesia  \n2 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Mulawarman, Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur 75242, Indonesia  \n3 Faculty of Technobiology, Yogyakarta Atma Jaya University, Jl. Babarsari No 44, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia  \nIntroduction  \nAmong the numerous insects that may be farmed, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), also known as Hermetia illucens L.(Diptera: Stratiomyidae), provide several nutritional benefits for livestock, fish culture, and sustainable agriculture (Ee et al. 2022 ; Ouko et al. 2022 ; Seyedalmoosavi et al. 2022) . The BSF is found globally in various climates and nutrient-rich environments with an abundance of decaying animal and plant remnants (Khairuddin et al. 2022 ; Panikkar et al. 2022 ; Rehman et al. 2022) . BSFL have several beneficial properties, including a relatively high protein and fat content, the ability to grow on a variety of waste materials that are unfit for use as human food (da Silva and Hesselberg 2020) . BSFL nutritional content can reach up to 40% protein (Ndotono et al. 2022) and 30% lipid (Linet al. 2022","cbCainLZeG2dMD26","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainLZeG2dMD26","pdf",827088,12,"English","# Abstract\n## Proximate, mineral, and fatty acid evaluation\n## Growth performance and conversion metrics\n## Survival outcomes\n## Study implications and suggested optimization","[{\"question\":\"What was the main purpose of supplementing palm kernel meal with fish pellets and fructose for BSFL?\",\"answer\":\"To strengthen the BSFL substrate and promote metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, making the larvae more valuable as a feed source. The work also evaluates how these supplements change nutritive and performance outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"Which diet produced the highest protein content in black soldier fly larvae after 12 days?\",\"answer\":\"BSFL fed with fish feed pellet (FFP) showed the highest protein content (55.68 ± 2.30%).\"},{\"question\":\"Did fructose addition significantly change growth and survival of BSFL?\",\"answer\":\"Fructose significantly affected fatty acid composition and some mineral accumulation, but BSFL length, material reduction (MR), biomass conversion rate (BCR), and survival did not differ significantly (P \\u003e 0.05).\"}]","International Journal of Tropical Insect Science - Nutritive value, material reduction, biomass conversion rate, and survival of black soldier fly larvae reared on palm kernel meal supplemented with fish pellets and fructose | PDF",[146,150],{"page_no":8,"url":147,"width":148,"height":149},"https://res-academy.cache.wpscdn.com/upload/kdocshare/2026-11-07/d03698badcb48abfd0692e1e85397c19.webp",983,1306,{"page_no":14,"url":151,"width":152,"height":153},"https://res-academy.cache.wpscdn.com/upload/kdocshare/2026-11-07/92b930003a7b32d1d56e0c9b8f07359a.webp",982,1304]