[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-43043-en":3,"doc-seo-43043-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},43043,137441390410,"Hazel","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000252f4ab5702993?_k=1776741390130283984",8,"Research & Report","International Cooperation: Testing Evolution of Cooperation Theories","International Cooperation: Testing Evolution of Cooperation Theories examines how cooperation research evolves evolutionary stable explanations for cooperative behavior despite strong incentives to defect. The analysis tests key evolutionary cooperation strategies through relationships between states, comparing direct reciprocity rules such as Tit-for-Tat and Win-stay/Lose-shift with indirect reciprocity mechanisms like Cooperative Reputation and Tag. Tit-for-Tat and Cooperative Reputation prove robust, whereas Tags yield mixed outcomes. Cooperative action by states—supported by cooperative reputation—most effectively triggers reciprocal cooperation.","Jeremy Bowling*  \nInternational Cooperation: Testing Evolution of Cooperation Theories  \nDOI 10.1515/peps-2016-0020  \nAbstract: The evolution of cooperation scholarship develops evolutionary stable theories that explain the presence of cooperation when there are many reasons to defect from cooperation. In this analysis, these theories are tested using the relations between states. Focusing on the direct reciprocity strategies of Tit-forTat and Win-stay/Lose-shift and the indirect reciprocity strategies of Cooperative Reputation and Tag, Tit-for-Tat and Cooperative Reputation are found to be robust, while Tags have mixed results. In the end, it is the direct cooperative action by states and their cooperative reputation and not shared characteristics that are most likely to elicit cooperative action in return.  \nKeywords: international cooperation, evolution of cooperation, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, cooperation theory, reputation  \n1 Introduction  \nDo states reciprocate the cooperative actions of other states? Are states more likely to cooperate with other states that have reputations of being cooperators? Are there common factors shared by states that encourage them to cooperate towards each other? The evolution of cooperation literature seeks to answer these questions by developing theories of cooperation when studying the relationships between people. Starting with the assumption that general theories of international cooperation are distinct from general theories of international conflict, this study supplements the scholarship on international cooperation by empirically testing evolution of cooperation theories using the international setting. Since states are often assumed to be unitary actors in a strategic setting, states should be found to act similarly to actors in formal models, experimental testing, and computer simulation. Testing evolution of cooperation theories provide further validity of the evolutionary stability of these strategies in not only human interaction on the individual level but also international interaction on the state level.  \n*Corresponding author: Jeremy Bowling, The College of Wooster, 1189 Beall Avenue, Wooster,  \nOH 44691, USA, [E-mail: jeremy.l.bowling@gmail.com](E-mail: jeremy.l.bowling@gmail.com)  \nBrought to you by | University of Florida Authenticated  \nDownload Date | 1/6/18 11:38 AM  \n2  \n~~ ~~ Jeremy Bowling  \nFor the following analysis, cooperation is defined as an action taken by an individual that benefits at least one other individual (Stevens, Cushman, & Hauser, 2005) . This definition is used rather than mutual benefit and Keohane’s (1984) international cooperation. Cooperation defined as mutual benefit includes reciprocity and, therefore, precludes any analysis of the effect of a cooperative acton the likelihood of a variety of responses. Keohane’s definition limits the definition of cooperation to policy coordination, which precludes altruism and testing of reciprocity. “Cooperation” and “cooperative act” will be used interchangeably, due to its focus on one act by one actor towards at least one other actor.“Cooperation reciprocity” is when both actors commit cooperative acts toward one another, which is often but not necessarily an iterative process.“Recurring cooperation reciprocity” is when both actors continue to commit cooperative acts toward each other over time.  \nInternational cooperation is defined as an action taken by an international actor that benefits at least one other international actor. International actor is defined as an organization, state, or individual that commits acts across borders, as defined by the Westphalian concept of borders, sovereignty, and states. While“international actor” includes a wide variety of actors, the remainder of the analysis will often discuss states as international actors, but since the logic and theory of cooperation applies to all actors, the subsequent theoretical discussion and analysis may not be construed","cbCaibb58D23ER6o","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibb58D23ER6o","pdf",235706,1,35,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Core research questions\n## Cooperation and cooperation reciprocity definitions\n## International cooperation and actor scope\n## Action quality, intensity, and defection definition","[{\"question\":\"What central question does the paper address about state behavior?\",\"answer\":\"The study asks whether states reciprocate cooperative actions, whether reputations for cooperation increase the likelihood of cooperation, and whether shared factors drive mutual cooperation.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper define cooperation for the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Cooperation is defined as an action by an individual that benefits at least one other individual, used in place of definitions centered on mutual benefit or policy coordination to enable reciprocity testing.\"},{\"question\":\"Which cooperation strategies show stronger support in the results?\",\"answer\":\"Tit-for-Tat and Cooperative Reputation are found to be robust across state relationships, while Tag produces mixed results; direct cooperative action and cooperative reputation are emphasized as key triggers of reciprocity.\"}]",1783376944,88,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":27},"international-cooperation-testing-evolution-of-cooperation-theories","",{"@graph":35,"@context":85},[36,53,68],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/international-cooperation-testing-evolution-of-cooperation-theories/43043/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-17","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What central question does the paper address about state behavior?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The study asks whether states reciprocate cooperative actions, whether reputations for cooperation increase the likelihood of cooperation, and whether shared factors drive mutual cooperation.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the paper define cooperation for the analysis?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Cooperation is defined as an action by an individual that benefits at least one other individual, used in place of definitions centered on mutual benefit or policy coordination to enable reciprocity testing.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Which cooperation strategies show stronger support in the results?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Tit-for-Tat and Cooperative Reputation are found to be robust across state relationships, while Tag produces mixed results; 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