[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-332943-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-332943-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","intermediate-state-formation-extends-the-ambient-temperature-processing-window-of-solution-processed-perovskite-solar-cells","Intermediate State Formation Extends the Ambient Temperature Processing Window of Solution-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells","","Solution-processed perovskites show strong promise for low-cost, high-throughput photovoltaics, yet high-quality perovskite films demand stringent processing conditions, limiting large-scale reliability. The work identifies initial nucleation during spin-coating as a critical determinant of film quality, with strong sensitivity to ambient temperature and the formation of an intermediate phase. The intermediate phase improves quality by spatially separating nuclei and mitigating thermally activated aggregation. Stabilizing a strongly coordinated intermediate phase enables perovskite solar cells with 24–25% efficiency even at ambient temperatures up to 28 °C.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/intermediate-state-formation-extends-the-ambient-temperature-processing-window-of-solution-processed-perovskite-solar-cells/332943/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/intermediate-state-formation-extends-the-ambient-temperature-processing-window-of-solution-processed-perovskite-solar-cells/332943.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Aria Callaghan","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is the initial nucleation process critical for solution-processed perovskite films?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Because it largely determines the resulting film quality. The study shows nucleation is highly sensitive to ambient temperature and tied to how the intermediate phase forms.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the intermediate phase improve film quality during spin-coating?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It spatially separates nuclei and mitigates thermally activated nuclei aggregation, helping maintain high-quality perovskite films.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What performance is achieved under elevated ambient temperature in this work?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"By stabilizing a strongly coordinated intermediate phase, the authors obtain perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiencies around 24–25% even when the ambient temperature is raised to 28 °C.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},332943,1790230463,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},962084926284,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","[http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp](http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp)  \nDownloaded via CITY UNIV OF HONG KONG on February 15, 2025 at 11:44:32 (UTC) . See [https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines](https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines) for options on how to legitimately share published articles.  \nIntermediate State Formation Extends the Ambient Temperature Processing Window of Solution-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells  \nYunfan Wang,◆ Zhuoqiong Zhang,◆ Zixin Zeng, Yuxuan Zhang, Tianli Hu, Leyu Bi, Yajie Yang, Shanchao Ouyang, Xia Hao, Chenjie Xu, Yuanhang Cheng, Hanlin Hu, Alex K.-Y. Jen, Johnny C. Ho, Tom Wu, * and Sai Wing Tsang *  \n Cite This: ACS Energy Lett. 2025, 10, 647−657  \nRead Online  \n\n|  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| ACCESS   | Metrics & More |  |  Article Recommendations |  | *sı Supporting Information |\n\nABSTRACT: Solution-processed perovskites offer tremendous potential for low-cost, high-throughput photovoltaic production. However, high-quality perovskite films typically require stringent processing conditions, compromising reliability in large-scale production. Here, we discover that the initial nucleation process during the spin-coating is critical in determining the film quality. This process is highly sensitive to ambient temperature ( TA) and associated with the effectiveness of intermediate phase formation. Besides the general wisdom that the intermediate phase regulates the initial nucleation by temporarily consuming precursor ions, we find that the intermediate phase plays a key role in guaranteeing high film quality by spatially separating the nuclei to mitigate  \nthermally activated nuclei aggregation. By stabilizing a strongly coordinated intermediate phase, we achieve perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with power conversion efficiencies of 24% to 25%, even TA elevated to 28 °C. This work offers valuable insights into enhancing the reliability of PSCs and provides a deeper understanding of the role of the intermediate phase in the solution-processing of perovskite films.  \nM  \netal−organic halide perovskite has become a crucial component in photovoltaic (PV) technology due to its excellent photoelectric properties. Since it was  \nfirst reported in 2009, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has increased from 3.8% to 26.7%. 1−6 The ease of perovskite layer fabrication using simple solution methods demonstrates outstanding potential for lowcost and large-area PV module production.7−10 Among various perovskite materials, formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) perovskite has attracted tremendous attention for developing high-efficiency single junction PSCs due to its desirable bandgap (1.48 eV).11, 12 To date, high-efficiency FA-based PSCs are generally fabricated using the antisolvent-assisted one-step solution-processing method, which is a simple and efficient approach to achieve dense and highly crystalline perovskite thin films. 13−15 In a pioneer work by Jeon and coworkers in 2014, a mixed solvent of γ-butyrolactone and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) followed by toluene drop-casting was used to produce uniform and dense perovskite layers significantly improved the PCE of PSCs to 16.2%.2 Since then, the one-step method has become a general practice to fabricate  \nthe perovskite films. In a recent work, using the same approach, Chen et al. have achieved a record-high PCE of 26.91% in a small area (0.049 cm2) PSC device.16  \nHowever, it is well-known that the quality of perovskite films is very sensitive to the fabrication conditions, such as solvent and antisolvent, additive, ambient humidity, and temperature, etc. 17−20 Therefore, the reproducibility of PSCs based on a one-step method remains challenging, which hinders the deployment for large-scale production in commercialization. Besides the precise control of antisolvent dripping time, an inert gas or dry air atmosphere with strictly controlled ambient temperatures is found critical to ensure t","cbCaicArhOhKR0RR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicArhOhKR0RR","pdf",1224173,11,"English","# Abstract\n# Background and motivation\n## Perovskite film processing constraints\n## Reproducibility challenges in one-step methods\n# Prior approaches\n## Additives and widened antisolvent windows\n## Humidity control strategies","[{\"question\":\"Why is the initial nucleation process critical for solution-processed perovskite films?\",\"answer\":\"Because it largely determines the resulting film quality. The study shows nucleation is highly sensitive to ambient temperature and tied to how the intermediate phase forms.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the intermediate phase improve film quality during spin-coating?\",\"answer\":\"It spatially separates nuclei and mitigates thermally activated nuclei aggregation, helping maintain high-quality perovskite films.\"},{\"question\":\"What performance is achieved under elevated ambient temperature in this work?\",\"answer\":\"By stabilizing a strongly coordinated intermediate phase, the authors obtain perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiencies around 24–25% even when the ambient temperature is raised to 28 °C.\"}]","Intermediate State Formation Extends the Ambient Temperature Processing Window of Solution-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells | PDF",1790000078,28]