[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-121398-en":3,"doc-seo-121398-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},121398,1374391974468,"Eden","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"Research & Report","Insufficient sleep and weekend recovery sleep: classification by a metabolomics-based machine learning ensemble","Weekend recovery sleep is widely used, yet its physiological mechanisms remain insufficiently defined. This study used untargeted metabolomics with a randomized controlled trial to identify molecular biomarkers distinguishing insufficient versus adequate sleep and to quantify how weekend recovery sleep affects these biomarkers. Healthy adults (n=34) completed control, sleep restriction, or simulated workweek restriction followed by ad libitum weekend recovery; plasma was sampled after the weekend. A metabolomics-based machine learning ensemble classified half of weekend recovery samples as insufficient, with reduced glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids under restriction, suggesting recovery may require more than one weekend for biomarkers to normalize.","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nInsufficient sleep and weekend recovery sleep: classification by a metabolomics‑based machine learning ensemble  \nMarie Gombert1,2, Nichole Reisdorph3, Sarah J. Morton4, Kenneth P. Wright Jr.4,5* & Christopher M. Depner4,6*  \nAlthough weekend recovery sleep is common, the physiological responses to weekend recovery sleep are not fully elucidated. Identifying molecular biomarkers that represent adequate versus insufficient sleep could help advance our understanding of weekend recovery sleep. Here, we identified potential molecular biomarkers of insufficient sleep and defined the impact of weekend recovery sleep on these biomarkers using metabolomics in a randomized controlled trial. Healthy adults (n = 34) were randomized into three groups: control (CON: 9‑h sleep opportunities); sleep restriction (SR: 5‑h sleep opportunities); or weekend recovery (WR: simulated workweek of 5‑h sleep opportunities followed by ad libitum weekend recovery sleep and then 2 days with 5‑h sleep opportunities) . Blood for metabolomics was collected on the simulated Monday immediately following the weekend. Nine machine learning models, including a machine learning ensemble, were built to classify samples from SR versus CON. Notably, SR showed decreased glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids versus CON. The machine learning ensemble showed the highest G‑mean performance and classified 50% of the WR samples as insufficient sleep. Our findings show insufficient sleep and recovery sleep influence the plasma metabolome and suggest more than one weekend of recovery sleep may be necessary for the identified biomarkers to return to healthy adequate sleep levels.  \nIn the United States, more than one-third of adults report sleeping less than the recommended seven hours per night and 30% report sleeping less than six hours per night1–3. Furthermore, since 2010, average reported sleep duration has decreased and the proportion of individuals reporting less than 7 h of sleep per night has increased4, 5. One common strategy to recover from insufficient sleep during work or school days is to catchup or recover on sleep during weekends or free days6, 7. However, data informing the potential physiological responses to such weekend recovery sleep are mixed. Some data suggest weekend recovery sleep, compared with sleep restriction, can improve metabolic and inflammatory outcomes8–10. Alternatively, some data show weekend recovery sleep induces only partial recovery of the outcomes studied11–14, especially when repeating cycles of insufficient sleep and weekend recovery sleep are compared to adequate sleep. Identifying molecular biomarkers of insufficient sleep could help advance our understanding of the physiological responses to weekend recovery sleep and help improve sleep-based public health recommendations relevant to habitual sleep duration and recovery sleep.  \nRecent advances in machine learning and omics technologies, including metabolomics, have enhanced the biomarker discovery and development pipeline and have already been implemented in sleep research15–17. Unlike hypothesis driven strategies that target specific metabolites, and thereby potentially overlook unanticipated effects, untargeted metabolomics has the feature of assessing all metabolites detected in a sample.18 This often amounts to assessing thousands of metabolites simultaneously. Applying machine learning techniques to  \n1Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain. 2Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA. 3Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. 4Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street; Clare Small 114, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA. 5Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism","cbCaijLg3Mtrj5pb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijLg3Mtrj5pb","pdf",4084216,1,12,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Background on sleep duration and weekend recovery\n## Need for molecular biomarkers\n## Machine learning and metabolomics for biomarker discovery\n# Methods\n## Study design: randomized groups and sleep schedules\n## Metabolomics sampling and profiling\n## Machine learning models and ensemble classification\n# Results\n## Metabolite differences between sleep restriction and control\n## Ensemble performance and classification of weekend recovery samples\n# Discussion\n## Implications for recovery duration and biomarker normalization","[{\"question\":\"What study design was used to compare sleep restriction and weekend recovery sleep?\",\"answer\":\"Healthy adults were randomized into control (9-h sleep opportunities), sleep restriction (5-h), or weekend recovery, which simulated a workweek of restriction followed by ad libitum weekend recovery and then two days of restriction. Plasma for metabolomics was collected on the simulated Monday after the weekend.\"},{\"question\":\"How were potential biomarkers of insufficient sleep identified?\",\"answer\":\"Untargeted metabolomics profiling measured thousands of metabolites, and nine machine learning models—including an ensemble—were built to classify samples from sleep restriction versus control. The models were then used to assess weekend recovery samples.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the metabolomics-based machine learning ensemble reveal about weekend recovery sleep?\",\"answer\":\"Sleep restriction showed decreased glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids versus control. The machine learning ensemble achieved the highest G-mean performance and classified 50% of weekend recovery samples as still reflecting insufficient sleep, indicating biomarkers may take more than one weekend to return to healthy adequate levels.\"}]","Insufficient sleep and weekend recovery sleep: classification by a metabolomics-based machine learning ensemble | PDF",1785735497,30,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"insufficient-sleep-and-weekend-recovery-sleep-classification-by-a-metabolomics-based-machine-learning-ensemble","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/insufficient-sleep-and-weekend-recovery-sleep-classification-by-a-metabolomics-based-machine-learning-ensemble/121398/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What study design was used to compare sleep restriction and weekend recovery sleep?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Healthy adults were randomized into control (9-h sleep opportunities), sleep restriction (5-h), or weekend recovery, which simulated a workweek of restriction followed by ad libitum weekend recovery and then two days of restriction. Plasma for metabolomics was collected on the simulated Monday after the weekend.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How were potential biomarkers of insufficient sleep identified?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Untargeted metabolomics profiling measured thousands of metabolites, and nine machine learning models—including an ensemble—were built to classify samples from sleep restriction versus control. The models were then used to assess weekend recovery samples.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What did the metabolomics-based machine learning ensemble reveal about weekend recovery sleep?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Sleep restriction showed decreased glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids versus control. The machine learning ensemble achieved the highest G-mean performance and classified 50% of weekend recovery samples as still reflecting insufficient sleep, indicating biomarkers may take more than one weekend to return to healthy adequate levels.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":29,"slug":121},"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]