[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-595825-105":3,"doc-detail-595825-en":80,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":98},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":73,"head_meta":75,"extra_data":77,"updated_unix":79},105,"en","instructional-leadership-at-university-level-in-pakistan-a-multi-variable-based-comparative-study-of-leadership-styles-of-heads-of-academic-departments","Instructional Leadership at University Level in Pakistan - A Multi Variable Based Comparative Study of Leadership Styles of Heads of Academic Departments","","The study explores leadership styles of Heads of Academic Departments (HoDs) and faculty perceptions of those leadership styles in Pakistan’s public and private university sectors. It examines differences linked to HoDs’ sector affiliation, gender, and exposure to foreign versus indigenous qualifications. Using an exploratory descriptive design with random sampling, data are collected from 120 HoDs and 240 faculty members across ten universities in Punjab. Likert-scale questionnaires based on Goleman’s leadership styles provide valid and reliable measures. Results indicate sector- and gender-related differences, leading to recommendations for leadership training, strong communication, and reflective practices.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/instructional-leadership-at-university-level-in-pakistan-a-multi-variable-based-comparative-study-of-leadership-styles-of-heads-of-academic-departments/595825/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/instructional-leadership-at-university-level-in-pakistan-a-multi-variable-based-comparative-study-of-leadership-styles-of-heads-of-academic-departments/595825.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Fans","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":33},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What is the main purpose of the comparative study?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"The paper investigates HoDs’ leadership styles and how faculty members perceive those leadership styles, including differences by sector, gender, and foreign qualification exposure.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How was data collected for the study?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"The study used random sampling and administered five-point Likert scale questionnaires based on Goleman’s leadership styles to both HoDs and faculty members.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What do the findings indicate about leadership styles?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"The results show differences in faculty opinions regarding HoDs’ leadership styles based on the HoDs’ sector and gender.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},595825,1792166176,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",{"doc_id":78,"user_id":83,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":84,"doc_module":4,"category_id":85,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":86,"file_id":87,"file_url":88,"file_type":89,"file_size":90,"view_count":33,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":91,"language":92,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":93,"faqs":94,"seo_title":95,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":96,"read_time":97},5909892330395,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8",8,"Instructional Leadership at University Level in Pakistan: A Multi Variable Based Comparative Study of Leadership Styles of Heads of Academic Departments  \nIrfan Bashir * and Usman Khalil**  \nAbstract  \nThe paper aims to explore the leadership styles of Heads of Departments (HoDs) and opinions of the faculty about the leadership styles of their respective HoDs. Further it explores leadership style differences based on foreign qualification and gender of HoDs of the public and private sector universities of Pakistan. This exploratory descriptive research study uses random sampling technique. A sample of 120 Heads of the Departments and 240 faculty members representing various faculties and departments from five public and five private Sector universities of the Punjab are selected. The five point Likert Scale questionnaires based on Goleman’s Leadership styles, having content validity & Alpha reliability (0.86), both for faculty and Heads of the Departments are used for data collection. Results of the study show certain differences between opinions of the faculty, leadership styles of Heads of the Departments based on sector and gender of the HoDs. The study concludes that leadership courses and training for Heads of the Departments; strong and free communication between HoDs and the faculty; and reflective practices by Heads of the Departments should be a practice in Higher Education of Pakistan.  \nKeywords: Instructional leadership styles, higher education, multi variable, public and private sector  \n* Director Administration, Lahore Institute of Future Education, Bank Stop, Wahdat Road, New Muslim  \nTown, Lahore-Pakistan. Email: [seagraduate@gmail.com](seagraduate@gmail.com)  \n** Associate Professor, Department of Education, Lahore Institute of Future Education Bank Stop,  \nWahdat Road, New Muslim Town, Lahore–Pakistan. Email: [drusmankhalil@gmail.com](drusmankhalil@gmail.com)  \nIntroduction  \nLeadership is the pillar of any organization that upsurges the effectiveness of an educational set up. This effectiveness is manifold especially at the universities which are considered the source of knowledge production. Pakistan has more than 170 universities and degree awarding institutes (HEC, 2016) in public and private sector. This number seems to be insufficient as knowledge production, teaching-learning and research culture in the universities mainly depends on the university academic leadership (Bashir, Khalil, & Perveen, 2016) . Many approaches to study leadership have emerged during last 50 years (Northouse, 2014) . Among these, recent ones are Instructional Leadership (IL) in education and Emotional Intelligence (EI) based leadership styles.  \nFlath (2015) and Fullan (2011) see absence of training, job description, inadequacy of time to practice the instructional activities and load of paper work as major reasons of ignoring instructional leadership role of HoDs (Heads of the Departments) . Higher education is responsible for public responsibility, harmony anda compassionate society (National Education Policy, Pakistan, 2009) . Rehman (2011) argues that higher education is generally ignored and it faces mismanagement in the name of leadership resulting in the falling standards of academic excellence. Iqbal and Iqbal (2011) argue that a strong relationship exists between the leadership role and the quality of higher education.  \nStatement of the Problem  \nHoDs of the universities play various roles, one is that of an instructional leader. This role primarily focuses on monitoring and facilitating students’ learning and achievement. Being leaders of an instructional process and activities, they may be termed as instructional leaders. In their leadership position, HoDs use various leadership styles to run the departments. Moreover, in different contexts, these styles differ due to gender, sector, and exposure to foreign qualification variables. Since, in Pakistan these variables are commonly found in HoDs so it is important to ","cbCaibOJuXsOcyvK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibOJuXsOcyvK","pdf",92541,12,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Statement of the Problem\n# Objectives of the Study\n# Null Hypotheses\n# Justification and Significance","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the comparative study?\",\"answer\":\"The paper investigates HoDs’ leadership styles and how faculty members perceive those leadership styles, including differences by sector, gender, and foreign qualification exposure.\"},{\"question\":\"How was data collected for the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study used random sampling and administered five-point Likert scale questionnaires based on Goleman’s leadership styles to both HoDs and faculty members.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the findings indicate about leadership styles?\",\"answer\":\"The results show differences in faculty opinions regarding HoDs’ leadership styles based on the HoDs’ sector and gender.\"}]","Instructional Leadership at University Level in Pakistan - A Multi Variable Based Comparative Study of Leadership Styles of Heads of Academic Departments | PDF",1792081936,30,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":99},[100,104,108,112,117,122,127,129,134,137,141],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":113,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":85,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":128},"research-report",{"id":130,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":131,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":133},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":135,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":136},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":138,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":139,"show_sort_weight":138,"slug":140},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":142,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":143,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":144},19,"General","general"]