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This study documents the types and frequencies of moral dilemmas ELT instructors encounter, and examines differences in dilemma patterns by experience level and gender. Forty teachers participated in stimulated recall and focus group interviews. Results indicate rules and regulations generate the main dilemmas; experience influences both order and frequency, while gender shows no significant pattern changes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/insights-into-tefl-moral-dilemma-patterns-in-teaching/593890/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/insights-into-tefl-moral-dilemma-patterns-in-teaching/593890.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"4398046744996","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-08","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study investigate about moral dilemmas in TEFL?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study documents the types and frequencies of moral dilemmas faced by ELT instructors and examines how experience and gender relate to the patterns of these dilemmas.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which source category accounts for most moral dilemmas reported by teachers?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Teachers are mainly concerned with dilemmas raised from rules and regulations.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do teaching experience and gender affect the dilemma patterns?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Experience affects both the order and frequency of dilemmas across groups, while gender does not produce significant changes in the dilemma patterns.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},593890,1792231075,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":66,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},4398046744996,"Australian Journal of Teacher Education  \n\n| Volume 44  Issue 12 | Article 1 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 2019\u003Cbr>Insights into TEFL: Moral Dilemma Patterns in Teaching Ramin Akbari\u003Cbr>Leila Tajik\u003Cbr>Alzahra University, [tajik_l@alzahra.ac.ir](tajik_l@alzahra.ac.ir)\u003Cbr>Follow this and additional works at: [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte](https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte) | Practice |\n\nRecommended Citation  \nAkbari, R., & Tajik, L. (2019) . Insights into TEFL: Moral Dilemma Patterns in Teaching Practice. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 44(12) .  \nRetrieved from [https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/vol44/iss12/1](https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/vol44/iss12/1)  \nThis Journal Article is posted at Research Online.  \n[https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/vol44/iss12/1](https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/vol44/iss12/1)  \nInsights into TEFL: Moral Dilemma Patterns in Teaching Practice  \nRamin Akbari  \nTarbiat Modares University, Iran  \nLeila Tajik  \nAlzahra University, Iran  \nAbstract: Though moral aspects of English language teaching (ELT)  \nhave recently attracted much attention, moral dilemmas teachers  \nencounter have not been given the sustained attention they deserve.  \nThe present study was conducted to document the types and  \nfrequencies of moral dilemmas ELT instructors face and the likely  \ndifferences between the pattern of moral dilemmas experienced and  \nless experienced, male and female ELT practitioners deal with. Forty  \nteachers participated in stimulated recall and focus group interviews.  \nResults showed that teachers are mainly concerned with dilemmas  \nraised from Rules and Regulations. Experience was found to affect  \nboth the order and the frequency of the dilemmas teachers faced in  \ndifferent groups. Gender, however, did not result in significant  \nchanges in the pattern of moral dilemmas experienced by participants.  \nIntroduction  \nThe last three decades have brought about a partial reinterpretation of teaching as a moral activity. There are now numerous books and papers dealing with morality of teaching (e.g. Akbari & Tajik, 2012; Campbell, 2000, 2004, 2005; Ehrich, Kimber, Millwater, & Cranston, 2011; Hansen, 2001a, 2001b, 2002, 2007, 2008; Rice & Stein, 2009; Widodo, Perfecto, Canh, & Buripakdi, 2018), and the moral climate of schools is believed to have a far greater influence on students’ moral growth than hitherto perceived (Johnston & Buzzelli, 2008) . The moral dimension of teaching becomes more tangible in moral dilemmas requiring decision making on the part of teachers (Tirri, 1999) . Such dilemmas have been termed as moral stress, moral demands, ethical demand, moral ambiguity and polyvalence, practical dilemmas, practical ethical dilemmas, conflicts of values, and contradictions of values. More frequently, the term \"moral dilemma\" has been used interchangeably with the terms ethical dilemma, moral conflict and ethical conflict in the available scholarship; this is also practiced in the present study. Moral dilemmas have been viewed to be the main part of practical choices teachers try to resolve in their daily works, evident in many classroom situations, inherent in every encounter between teacher and learners, and a permanent feature of all teaching, including language teaching (Bergem, 1993; Johnston, 2003; Lyons, 1990; Tippins, Tobin & Hook 1993) .  \nThough moral dilemmas are thought to pervade various aspects ofELT classrooms, it seems that these matters have rarely, if ever, been given the attention they deserve (Banli, Kaya,& Adamhasan, 2015; Johnston, 2003; Johnston & Buzzelli, 2008) and our understanding of moral dilemmas teachers confront is yet to be improved. Although the literature is useful, most  \nof the research was conducted two or three decades ago and may well be irrelevant in today’s rapidly changing, technologically-driven world. There also appears to be very little literature on the kinds of moral dilemmas experienced by teachers of different genders and different years of experience. Research into the nature of moral","cbCaidPj3NgCbIu8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidPj3NgCbIu8","pdf",463193,22,"English","# Introduction\n## Research questions\n# Review of Literature\n## Definitions of moral dilemmas","[{\"question\":\"What does the study investigate about moral dilemmas in TEFL?\",\"answer\":\"The study documents the types and frequencies of moral dilemmas faced by ELT instructors and examines how experience and gender relate to the patterns of these dilemmas.\"},{\"question\":\"Which source category accounts for most moral dilemmas reported by teachers?\",\"answer\":\"Teachers are mainly concerned with dilemmas raised from rules and regulations.\"},{\"question\":\"How do teaching experience and gender affect the dilemma patterns?\",\"answer\":\"Experience affects both the order and frequency of dilemmas across groups, while gender does not produce significant changes in the dilemma patterns.\"}]","Insights into TEFL: Moral Dilemma Patterns in Teaching | PDF",1792078114,55]