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Infection-associated chronic inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key driver of tumor initiation and progression, where prostatitis, BPH, UTIs, STIs, and prolonged catheterization can produce histological and molecular changes. Altered prostate microbiome composition may sustain inflammatory signaling and influence malignant transformation. This review integrates epidemiological and experimental evidence, highlighting inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB, STAT3, COX-2/PGE2, IL-6/IL-8, TLR signaling, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and discusses pathway-targeted therapies relevant to PCa management and biomarker development.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/insights-into-infections-and-inflammation-in-prostate-cancer-development-and-management-an-overview/354568/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/insights-into-infections-and-inflammation-in-prostate-cancer-development-and-management-an-overview/354568.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"kopisore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",21,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does infection-associated chronic inflammation influence prostate cancer development?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Chronic inflammation linked to prostatitis, BPH, UTIs, STIs, and repeated or prolonged catheterization is associated with histological and molecular changes that may predispose prostate tissue to malignant transformation.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which inflammatory signaling pathways are emphasized in the overview?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Key pathways discussed include NF-κB, STAT3, COX-2/PGE2, IL-6 and IL-8 signaling, Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What is the proposed role of the prostate microbiome in PCa progression?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the prostate microbiome can sustain inflammatory signaling, thereby influencing tumor initiation and progression.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},354568,1790373640,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":105,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090880963,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","BioMed Research International  \nInsights Into Infections and Inflammation in Prostate Cancer Development and Management: An Overview  \nEnsiyeh Bahadoran1 | Abouzar Babaei2 | Shahla Shahbazi3 | Milad Badri2 | Farhad Nikkhahi2 | Samira Sabzi2  \n1Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran | 2Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran | 3Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Policy  \nand Promotion Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Correspondence: Samira Sabzi ([s.sabzi@qums.ac.ir](s.sabzi@qums.ac.ir))  \nReceived: 16 December 2025 | Revised: 17 June 2026 | Accepted: 20 July 2026  \nAcademic Editor: Baisakhi Banerjee  \nKeywords: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | chronic inflammation | prostate cancer | prostate microbiota | prostatitis | sexually transmitted infections (STIs) | urinary tract infections (UTIs)  \nABSTRACT  \nProstate cancer (PCa) represents a major public health concern and continues to be one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among men worldwide. Current epidemiological projections suggest that the incidence and associated burden of PCa are likely to increase, emphasizing the importance of advancing preventive measures, improving early diagnostic approaches, and refining targeted therapeutic strategies. While established risk factors, including age, genetic predisposition, lifestyle-related factors, ethnicity, and androgen signaling, have been extensively studied, these factors alone do not fully explain the observed patterns of PCa development. Increasing evidence suggests that infection-associated chronic inflammation plays a central role in prostate tumor initiation and progression. Chronic inflammation of the prostate, arising from conditions such as prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), lower urinary tract infections (UTIs), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and prolonged or repeated catheterization, has been associated with histological and molecular changes that may predispose prostate tissue to malignant transformation. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the prostate microbiome may sustain inflammatory signaling, thereby influencing tumor initiation and progression. This review synthesizes current epidemiological findings and experimental evidence linking infection-associated inflammation to the development of PCa. Particular focus is placed on inflammatory signaling pathways implicated in prostate tumorigenesis, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 (COX-2/PGE2), interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 signaling, Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, we discuss therapeutic strategies that are aimed at modulating these pathways and their potential relevance in PCa management. A more comprehensive understanding of the interactions between infection, chronic inflammation, and PCa development may facilitate the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Such advances could ultimately contribute to improved risk stratification, earlier detection, and more effective treatment of PCa.  \n1. Introduction  \nProstate cancer (PCa) represents 7.3% of new cancer cases reported across 118 countries, ranking as the second most prevalent type of cancer. In 2020, it was responsible for around 370,000 deaths globally, making it the fifth leading cause of cancer-related  \nfatalities among men [1, 2]. In the United States, PCa is the second leading cause of mortality after lung cancer [3]. With an increasingly aging population and economic growth, the prevalence of PCa is expected to increase, presenting a considerable challenge in healthcare management [4, 5]. PCa is estimated to grow from 1.4 million new cases annuall","cbCaiiGjIywF8oc7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiGjIywF8oc7","pdf",2003744,"English","# Introduction\n## Prostate cancer burden and epidemiology\n## Role of the prostate gland and related conditions\n## UTIs and lower urinary tract infections in PCa research\n## Microbiome, inflammation, and PCa development","[{\"question\":\"How does infection-associated chronic inflammation influence prostate cancer development?\",\"answer\":\"Chronic inflammation linked to prostatitis, BPH, UTIs, STIs, and repeated or prolonged catheterization is associated with histological and molecular changes that may predispose prostate tissue to malignant transformation.\"},{\"question\":\"Which inflammatory signaling pathways are emphasized in the overview?\",\"answer\":\"Key pathways discussed include NF-κB, STAT3, COX-2/PGE2, IL-6 and IL-8 signaling, Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the proposed role of the prostate microbiome in PCa progression?\",\"answer\":\"Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the prostate microbiome can sustain inflammatory signaling, thereby influencing tumor initiation and progression.\"}]","Insights Into Infections and Inflammation in Prostate Cancer Development and Management: An Overview | PDF",1790112013,53]