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Infectious agents are reported to account for a substantial fraction of cancers, with viruses forming a major share of those cases, renewed by attention following COVID-19. The work synthesizes viral mediators and host determinants, emphasizing unresolved mechanistic connections across diverse cellular and multi-omics pathways. Focus areas include tumor microenvironment changes, genomic alterations, biological entropy, evolutionary selection, and host factors to guide novel, personalized therapy strategies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/insight-into-oncogenic-viral-pathways-as-drivers-of-viral-cancers-implication-for-effective-therapy/377612/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/insight-into-oncogenic-viral-pathways-as-drivers-of-viral-cancers-implication-for-effective-therapy/377612.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-24","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What core problem the manuscript highlights about viral cancers?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It emphasizes that, despite classical viral oncogenesis pathways and identified mediators, the shared mechanistic thread across different oncogenic viruses remains unclear due to viral and host complexities.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which factors are emphasized to explain viral tumor pathogenesis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The manuscript focuses on alterations in the tumor microenvironment, genomic changes, biological entropy, evolutionary selection, and host determinants involved in viral tumor genesis.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the proposed integrated view support therapy development?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"By providing a holistic pathogenic framework, it aims to deliver insight that can inform the development of novel, effective, and personalized therapeutic options for viral cancers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},377612,1790294627,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090883892,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e00115db34f3e0f11b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1790152879550218658","Review  \nInsight into Oncogenic Viral Pathways as Drivers of Viral Cancers: Implication for Effective Therapy  \nAhmed M. E. Elkhalifa 1,2, *, Showkat Ul Nabi 3, Ovais Shabir Shah 4, Showkeen Muzamil Bashir 5,  \nUmar Muzaffer 6, Sofi Imtiyaz Ali 5, Imtiyaz Ahmad Wani 7, Nasser A. N. Alzerwi 8, Abozer Y. Elderdery 9, Awadh Alanazi 9, Fawaz O. Alenazy 9 and Abdulaziz Hamdan A. Alharbi 10  \nCitation: Elkhalifa, A.M.E.; Nabi, S.U.; Shah, O.S.; Bashir, S.M.;  \nMuzaffer, U.; Ali, S.I.; Wani, I.A.; Alzerwi, N.A.N.; Elderdery, A.Y.; Alanazi, A.; et al. Insight into Oncogenic Viral Pathways as Drivers of Viral Cancers: Implication for Effective Therapy. Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30, 1924–1944. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/curroncol30020150](10.3390/curroncol30020150)  \nReceived: 18 January 2023  \nRevised: 1 February 2023  \nAccepted: 2 February 2023  \nPublished: 5 February 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia  \n2 Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti 1158, Sudan  \n3 Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India  \n4 Department of Sheep Husbandry Kashmir, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 182301, Jammu and Kashmir, India  \n5 Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India  \n6 Department of Medicine, Government Medical College and Associated Hospital, Srinagar 190010, Jammu and Kashmir, India  \n7 Clinical Research Laboratory, SKIMS, Srinagar 190011, Jammu and Kashmir, India  \n8 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Ministry of Education, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia  \n9 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia  \n10 Hail Regional Laboratory, Hail 55471, Saudi Arabia  \n* Correspondence: [a.alkhalifa@seu.edu.sa](a.alkhalifa@seu.edu.sa)  \nAbstract: As per a recent study conducted by the WHO, 15.4% of all cancers are caused by infectious agents of various categories, and more than 10% of them are attributed to viruses. The emergence of COVID-19 has once again diverted the scientific community's attention toward viral diseases. Some researchers have postulated that SARS-CoV-2 will add its name to the growing list of oncogenic viruses in the long run. However, owing to the complexities in carcinogenesis of viral origin, researchers across the world are struggling to identify the common thread that runs across different oncogenic viruses. Classical pathways of viral oncogenesis have identified oncogenic mediators in oncogenic viruses, but these mediators have been reported to act on diverse cellular and multiple omics pathways. In addition to viral mediators of carcinogenesis, researchers have identified various host factors responsible for viral carcinogenesis. Henceforth owing to viral and host complexities in viral carcinogenesis, a singular mechanistic pathway remains yet to be established; hence there isan urgent need to integrate concepts from system biology, cancer microenvironment, evolutionary perspective, and thermodynamics to understand the role of viruses as drivers of cancer. In the presen","cbCair0u8Pzvmgbr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair0u8Pzvmgbr","pdf",2974188,21,"English","# Introduction\n## Cancer pathogenesis and pathway databases\n## Infectious agents and oncogenic viruses\n## Historical discovery of cancer-causing viruses","[{\"question\":\"What core problem the manuscript highlights about viral cancers?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes that, despite classical viral oncogenesis pathways and identified mediators, the shared mechanistic thread across different oncogenic viruses remains unclear due to viral and host complexities.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors are emphasized to explain viral tumor pathogenesis?\",\"answer\":\"The manuscript focuses on alterations in the tumor microenvironment, genomic changes, biological entropy, evolutionary selection, and host determinants involved in viral tumor genesis.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed integrated view support therapy development?\",\"answer\":\"By providing a holistic pathogenic framework, it aims to deliver insight that can inform the development of novel, effective, and personalized therapeutic options for viral cancers.\"}]","Insight into Oncogenic Viral Pathways as Drivers of Viral Cancers - Implication for Effective Therapy | PDF",1790226249,53]