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For localized disease, surgery is central, while chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and stage-dependent targeted or immunotherapies are used as adjuncts; chemotherapy remains common but is limited by resistance and severe side effects. Nanotechnology is highlighted as improving outcomes, with inorganic nanoparticles offering roles as drug carriers and therapeutic agents. Compared with organic counterparts, inorganic nanoparticles provide photosensitivity, conductivity, magnetism, and thermal capabilities enabling photothermal and photodynamic therapy and enhanced drug delivery, while this review also outlines colorectal pathophysiology and recent literature-based nanoparticle advances.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/inorganic-nanoparticle-based-treatment-approaches-for-colorectal-cancer-recent-advancements-and-challenges/332252/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/inorganic-nanoparticle-based-treatment-approaches-for-colorectal-cancer-recent-advancements-and-challenges/332252.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Noah","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is chemotherapy still widely used for colorectal cancer after surgery, despite limitations?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Chemotherapy is commonly chosen due to its lower cost and high cancer-killing efficiency. However, it is constrained by tumor resistance and severe side effects.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What advantages do inorganic nanoparticles offer over conventional chemotherapy and organic nanoparticles?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Inorganic nanoparticles can act as both drug carriers and therapeutic agents. Their photosensitivity, conductivity, magnetic properties, and thermal abilities support advanced photothermal and photodynamic therapies, and they offer improved drug-loading capacity and heightened quantum yield compared with organic nanoparticles.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How does the treatment strategy change across colorectal cancer stages I to IV?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Stage I often uses surgical options such as polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection, or minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery. 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Journal of Nanobiotechnology (2024) 22:427  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-024-02701-3](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-024-02701-3)  \nJournal of Nanobiotechnology  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nInorganic nanoparticle-based treatment approaches for colorectal cancer: recent advancements and challenges  \nSoumya Narayana 1, B. H. Jaswanth Gowda 1, Umme Hani2, Sharmin Sultana Shimu3, Karthika Paul4*, Avinaba Das 1, Sumel Ashique5,8, Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed 1, Maryam Abbasi Tarighat6 and Gholamreza Abdi7*  \nAbstract  \nColorectal cancer, the third most prevalent cancer globally, contributes significantly to mortality rates, with over 1.9 million reported cases and nearly 935,000 fatalities annually. Surgical resection is a primary approach for localized colorectal tumors, with adjunct therapies like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted/immunotherapy considered depending on the tumor stage. However, despite preferences for targeted and immunotherapy postsurgery, chemotherapy remains commonly chosen due to its lower cost and high cancer-killing efficiency. Yet, chemotherapy faces issues such as tumor resistance and severe side effects. Nanotechnology has emerged in cancer therapy by alleviating the drawbacks of current treatment approaches. In the past few decades, inorganic nanoparticles have shown promise in combating colorectal cancer, offering advantages over conventional chemotherapy. Compared to organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles exhibit properties like photosensitivity, conductivity, magnetic allure, and thermal proficiency, allowing them to function as both drug carriers and therapeutic agents. Derived primarily from carbon, silica, metals, and metal oxides, they offer superior drug-loading capacity, heightened quantum yield, and participation in advanced photothermal and photodynamic therapies. This review provides a brief overview of the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer and the pivotal role of inorganic nanoparticles in photothermal therapy photodynamic therapy, and drug delivery. Additionally, it discusses numerous inorganic nanoparticles in colorectal cancer therapy based on recent literature.  \nIntroduction  \nColorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most prevalent form of cancer worldwide, representing a significant contributor to mortality rates [1]. Data from Globcan (2020) reveals a staggering 1,931,50 reported cases of CRC, with 935,173 resulting in fatalities across  \n*Correspondence:  \nKarthika Paul [karthikananjundan17@gmail.com](karthikananjundan17@gmail.com)[ ](karthikananjundan17@gmail.com)Gholamreza Abdi  \n[abdi@pgu.ac.ir](abdi@pgu.ac.ir)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \nall genders and age groups on a global scale [1, 2]. The colon and rectum, integral components of the digestive system, constitute the terminal segment of the intestinal tract. Stretching approximately one meter, their journey commences at the ileocecal valve, marking the conclusion of the small intestine, and culminates at the anus [3– 5]. Colon cancer targets the epithelial lining of the colon, a tissue typically replenished every five days through the division of colonic epithelial stem cells. CRC emerges as the culmination of a gradual succession of progressive stages in colon neoplasia, evolving over an extended duration [6].  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is no","cbCaicWUbxZAkcFO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicWUbxZAkcFO","pdf",4453990,25,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Colorectal cancer burden and anatomical context\n## Disease progression and treatment by stage\n# Graphical abstract\n## Keywords overview","[{\"question\":\"Why is chemotherapy still widely used for colorectal cancer after surgery, despite limitations?\",\"answer\":\"Chemotherapy is commonly chosen due to its lower cost and high cancer-killing efficiency. However, it is constrained by tumor resistance and severe side effects.\"},{\"question\":\"What advantages do inorganic nanoparticles offer over conventional chemotherapy and organic nanoparticles?\",\"answer\":\"Inorganic nanoparticles can act as both drug carriers and therapeutic agents. Their photosensitivity, conductivity, magnetic properties, and thermal abilities support advanced photothermal and photodynamic therapies, and they offer improved drug-loading capacity and heightened quantum yield compared with organic nanoparticles.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the treatment strategy change across colorectal cancer stages I to IV?\",\"answer\":\"Stage I often uses surgical options such as polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection, or minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery. Stage II typically involves partial colectomy and removal of nearby lymph nodes; Stage III adds chemotherapy due to lymph node spread; Stage IV requires a more intensive regimen including surgery when feasible, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiation for symptom control when surgery is not possible.\"}]","Inorganic nanoparticle-based treatment approaches for colorectal cancer - recent advancements and challenges | PDF",1789997548,63]