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This narrative review summarizes recent progress in CAD diagnosis, interventional management, and pharmacological treatment, emphasizing emerging technologies. It synthesizes evidence from clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and preclinical research. Advances include non-invasive imaging, invasive and non-invasive FFR, improved biomarkers for acute coronary syndrome, newer stents, robotic-assisted PCI, drug-coated balloons, nanomedicine, 3D-bioprinted grafts, and modern lipid-lowering therapy, while addressing ongoing needs for validated biomarkers and imaging to detect vulnerable atheroma before symptoms.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/innovations-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-coronary-artery-disease/465162/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/innovations-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-coronary-artery-disease/465162.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"River Wang","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-10","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the primary focus of this narrative review on coronary artery disease?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the diagnosis, intervention, and pharmacological management of CAD, with attention to emerging technologies shaping future care.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the review describe progress in diagnostic approaches for CAD?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It highlights non-invasive imaging, the added use of invasive and non-invasive FFR to enable faster and more accurate diagnoses, and improved biomarkers such as high-sensitivity troponin for acute coronary syndrome detection.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which interventional and therapeutic innovations are discussed for CAD management?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review describes new-generation drug-eluting stents, robotic-assisted PCI to improve precision and reduce operator radiation exposure, drug-coated balloons for in-stent restenosis and promising applications in other lesion settings, and modern cholesterol-lowering drugs to achieve lipid targets.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},465162,1790812406,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},1099514067438,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539ee87300030?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780474512215547542","Review  \nInnovations in Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease  \nSalaheldin Agamy 1, Sheref Zaghloul 2, Zahid Khan 3, Ahmed Shahin 4, Ramy Kishk 5, Ahmed Smman 5 and Luciano Candilio 5, *  \nAcademic Editor: Yiqing Yang  \nReceived: 27 October 2025  \nRevised: 23 December 2025  \nAccepted: 25 December 2025  \nPublished: 27 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Cardiology Department, University Hospitals Birmingham, Hartlands Hospital, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK; [salaheldin.agamy@nhs.net](salaheldin.agamy@nhs.net)  \n2 Cardiology Department, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading RG1 5AN, UK; [sheref.zaghloul@royalberkshire.nhs.uk](sheref.zaghloul@royalberkshire.nhs.uk)  \n3 Bart’s Heart Centre, London and Queen Mary University, London E1 4NS, UK; [drzahid1983@yahoo.com](drzahid1983@yahoo.com)  \n4 Cardiology Department, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke RG24 9NA, UK; [ahmed.shahin@hhft.nhs.uk](ahmed.shahin@hhft.nhs.uk)  \n5 Cardiology Department, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2PS, UK; [ramy.kishk@nhs.net](ramy.kishk@nhs.net) (R.K.); [ahmed.smman@nhs.net](ahmed.smman@nhs.net) (A.S.)  \n* Correspondence: [luciano.candilio@nhs.net](luciano.candilio@nhs.net)  \nAbstract  \nBackground: Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a significant health challenge, placing a heavy burden on people and healthcare systems worldwide. Objectives: This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the diagnosis, intervention, and pharmacological management of CAD, with a focus onemerging technologies shaping its future. Methods: This is a narrative review that synthesises information from diverse sources, including clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and preclinical studies, to provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and emerging trends in CAD management. The literature included in this review was sourced from original research articles and review papers published between January 2010 and December 2025 . Results: Early detection has been transformed by non-invasive imaging, such as PCAT, and the addition of invasive and non-invasive FFR technology enables quicker and more accurate diagnoses. Biomarkers, such as highsensitivity troponin, have further improved the precision of acute coronary syndrome detection, enhancing early intervention. In interventional cardiology, new-generation drug-eluting stents (DESs) have lowered restenosis rates, whereas robotic-assisted percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) offers precision and reduced operator radiation exposure. Furthermore, the efficacy of drug-coated balloons (DCBs) has been established in the management of in-stent restenosis, and their application in de novo coronary lesions and bifurcation anatomy remains promising. Looking ahead, nanomedicine promises targeted plaque reduction and vascular repair, while 3D-bioprinted blood vessels offer durable, biocompatible grafts for surgical applications. Pharmacological developments, including modern cholesterol-lowering drugs, have also been crucial in achieving cholesterol targets. Conclusions: Despite significant advancements in diagnosis, intervention, and pharmacotherapy, several critical challenges remain, including the need for validated biomarkers and imaging modalities to identify vulnerable atheroma before symptoms arise. Continued research is essential to improve patient outcomes and address the global burden of CAD.  \nKeywords: coronary heart disease; coronary revascularisation; coronary artery disease; ischemic heart disease; atherosclerosis; cardiovascular disease; non-invasive coronary diagnostic tests  \n1. Introduction  \nCoronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, responsible for over 19.2 million deaths in 2023 and one in thr","cbCaitHytllEzZkQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitHytllEzZkQ","pdf",706795,22,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Objectives\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the primary focus of this narrative review on coronary artery disease?\",\"answer\":\"The review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the diagnosis, intervention, and pharmacological management of CAD, with attention to emerging technologies shaping future care.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review describe progress in diagnostic approaches for CAD?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights non-invasive imaging, the added use of invasive and non-invasive FFR to enable faster and more accurate diagnoses, and improved biomarkers such as high-sensitivity troponin for acute coronary syndrome detection.\"},{\"question\":\"Which interventional and therapeutic innovations are discussed for CAD management?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes new-generation drug-eluting stents, robotic-assisted PCI to improve precision and reduce operator radiation exposure, drug-coated balloons for in-stent restenosis and promising applications in other lesion settings, and modern cholesterol-lowering drugs to achieve lipid targets.\"}]","Innovations in Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease | PDF",1790769254,55]